tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35500850709168687012024-03-13T07:58:59.542-07:00Three Fold LawBide the Wiccan Law ye must
in perfect love and perfect trust.
Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill:
An' ye harm none, do as ye will.
What ye sendforth comes back to thee,
so ever mind the Law of Three.
Follow this with your mind and heart,
merry ye meet and merry ye part.Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-9886130226579053722011-07-04T14:02:00.001-07:002011-07-04T14:02:07.501-07:00More common<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A more commonly used quote is the following: "Ever mind the Rule of Three. Three times what thou gives returns to thee. This lesson well, thou must learn, thy only gets what thou dost earn." This could be seen as a simple version of the rule. The rule stated in the previous paragraph is a long, rather unclear defninition.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"></span></h2>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-60058549961107230422011-07-04T14:01:00.001-07:002011-07-04T14:01:53.123-07:00Rule of Three (Wicca)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The <b>Rule of Three</b> (also <b>Three-fold Law</b> or <b>Law of Return</b>) is a religious tenet held by some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a>. It states that whatever energy a person puts out into the world, be it positive or negative, will be returned to that person three times. Some subscribe to a variant of this law in which return is not necessarily threefold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The 'Rule of Three' is sometimes described as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karma">karma</a> by Wiccans, however this is not strictly accurate. Both concepts describe the process of cause and effect and often encourage the individual to act in a good way. However the concept of karma, according to the scriptures of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and other eastern belief systems, does not operate on a system of three-fold return. Furthermore, such belief systems do not contain the same concepts of 'good' and 'evil' that Wicca does.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">According to John Coughlin the Law posits "a literal reward or punishment tied to one's actions, particularly when it comes to working magic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coughlin_2-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-Coughlin-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The law is not a universal article of faith among Wiccans, and "there are many Wiccans, experienced and new alike, who view the Law of Return as an over-elaboration on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coughlin_2-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-Coughlin-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Some Wiccans believe that it is a modern innovation based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a>morality.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Rule of Three has been compared by <a class="external text" href="http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usca&c=words&id=3801" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Karl Lembke</a> to other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethic of reciprocity">ethics of reciprocity</a>, such as the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karma">karma</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmic_religions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> edict, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" (<a class="external text" href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Matthew&verse=7:12&src=!" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Matthew 7:12</a>), also called the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Golden Rule</a>."</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Rule of Three has a possible prototype in a piece of Wiccan liturgy which first appeared in print in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>'s 1949 novel <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Magic%27s_Aid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="High Magic's Aid (page does not exist)">High Magic's Aid</a></i>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 0px;"><div>'Thou hast obeyed the Law. But mark well, when thou receivest good, so equally art bound to return good threefold.' (For this is the joke in witchcraft, the witch knows, though the initiate does not, that she will get three times what she gave, so she does not strike hard.)</div></blockquote><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The first published reference to the Rule of Three as a general ethical principle may be from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a>, in a 1968 article for <i>Beyond</i>magazine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The Rule of Three later features within a poem of 26 couplets titled "Rede of the Wiccae", published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gwen_Thompson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lady Gwen Thompson">Lady Gwen Thompson</a> in 1975 in <i>Green Egg</i> vol. 8, no. 69<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and attributed to her grandmother Adriana Porter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The threefold rule is referenced often by the neo-Wiccans of the Clan Mackenzie in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M._Stirling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="S.M. Stirling">S.M. Stirling</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberverse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Emberverse">Emberverse</a> novels.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">This rule was described by the dutch metal band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nemesea">Nemesea</a>, in the song "Threefold Law", from the album <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_(album)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mana (album)">"Mana"</a>.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-61233042465894465302011-07-04T13:56:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:59:32.490-07:00References and footnotes<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kemp, Anthony (1993). <i>Witchcraft and Paganism Today</i>. London: Michael O'Mara. p. 3. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854791176" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1854791176">1854791176</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Paganism+Today&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Kemp%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara&rft.isbn=1854791176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. vii.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bvii&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchcraftToday-2" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftToday_2-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1999) [1954]. <i>Witchcraft Today</i>. Lake Toxaway, NC: Mercury Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806525932" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0806525932">0806525932</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44936549" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">44936549</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Today&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Lake+Toxaway%2C+NC&rft.pub=Mercury+Publishing&rft.isbn=0806525932&rft_id=info:oclcnum/44936549&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Seims, Melissa (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thewica.co.uk/wica_or_wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Wica or Wicca? - Politics and the Power of Words"</a>. <i>The Cauldron</i> (129).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wica+or+Wicca%3F+-+Politics+and+the+Power+of+Words&rft.jtitle=The+Cauldron&rft.aulast=Seims&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Seims%2C%26%2332%3BMelissa&rft.date=2008&rft.issue=129&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewica.co.uk%2Fwica_or_wicca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DrawingDownMoon-4" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon_4-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (1979). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9">0-8070-3237-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=1979&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=0-8070-3237-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: the Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New York City">New York</a>: Sterling Publishing.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible%3A+the+Definitive+Guide+to+Magic+and+the+Craft&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York+City%7CNew+York%5D%5D&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 2-3.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. p. 59.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709028008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709028008">0709028008</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Goddess%3A+The+Feminine+Principle+of+Divinity&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1987&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B59&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709028008&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NatureRelToday-8" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NatureRelToday_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H; Samuel, Geoffrey (December 1998). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rLYCOOUlsBcC&pg=PA6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-748-61057-X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-748-61057-X">0-748-61057-X</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39533917" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">39533917</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Religion+Today%3A+Paganism+in+the+Modern+World&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Pearson%2C%26%2332%3BJoanne&rft.date=December+1998&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B6&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-748-61057-X&rft_id=info:oclcnum/39533917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrLYCOOUlsBcC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ravenwolf, Silver (1998). <i>Teen Witch: Wicca for a New Generation</i>. St Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn. p. 25. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567187250" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1567187250">1567187250</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teen+Witch%3A+Wicca+for+a+New+Generation&rft.aulast=Ravenwolf&rft.aufirst=Silver&rft.au=Ravenwolf%2C%26%2332%3BSilver&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B25&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.isbn=1567187250&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gardner, Gerald (1959). <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Aquarian. p. 260. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.date=1959&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B260&rft.pub=Aquarian&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 32–34. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B32%E2%80%9334&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Howard, Michael (2009). Modern Wicca. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. Page 266-267</li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Howard, Michael (2009). Modern Wicca. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. Page 271.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338-14" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 35–38. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B35%E2%80%9338&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 15–17. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B15%E2%80%9317&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 29-37.</li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 38-44.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 7–10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%9310&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchesBible-19" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchesBible_19-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> (1981). <i>A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches Handbook</i>. London: Phoenix Publishing. pp. 181–182.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345921" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345921">0919345921</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62866821" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">62866821</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witches%27+Bible%3A+The+Complete+Witches+Handbook&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1981&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B181%E2%80%93182&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0919345921&rft_id=info:oclcnum/62866821&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA US: Copple House Books. pp. 26–27. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%93%C2%80%C2%9327&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA+US&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft1-21" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft1_21-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA: Copple House Books. pp. 260–261. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B260%E2%80%93261&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1991). <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</i>. Blackwell. pp. 260–261. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17288-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17288-2">0-631-17288-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B260%E2%80%93261&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.isbn=0-631-17288-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft2-23" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft2_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA: Copple House Books. pp. 26–27. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%9327&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchBlood-24" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchBlood_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Crowther, Patricia</a> (1974). <i>Witch Blood! The Diary of a Witch High Priestess!</i>. New York City: House of Collectibles. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876371616" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0876371616">0876371616</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009193" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1009193</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Blood%21+The+Diary+of+a+Witch+High+Priestess%21&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Crowther%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.date=1974&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=House+of+Collectibles&rft.isbn=0876371616&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1009193&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scott Cunningham">Cunningham, Scott</a>. <i>Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875421849" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0875421849">0875421849</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Solitary+Practitioner&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Cunningham%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.isbn=0875421849&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ProgressiveWitchcraft-26" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ProgressiveWitchcraft_26-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a> (January 2004). <i>Progressive Witchcraft: Spirituality, Mysteries, and Training in Modern Wicca</i>. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Age Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564147193" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1564147193">1564147193</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53223741" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">53223741</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Witchcraft%3A+Spirituality%2C+Mysteries%2C+and+Training+in+Modern+Wicca&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=January+2004&rft.place=Franklin+Lakes%2C+NJ&rft.pub=New+Age+Books&rft.isbn=1564147193&rft_id=info:oclcnum/53223741&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DrawingDownMoon2-27" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon2_27-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (1979). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 25, 34–35. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9">0-8070-3237-9</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6918454" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">6918454</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=1979&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B25%2C+34%E2%80%9335&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=0-8070-3237-9&rft_id=info:oclcnum/6918454&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Crowleyarchetype-28" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Crowleyarchetype_28-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vivianne Crowley">Crowley, Vivianne</a>. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium</i>. pp. 129. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0722532717" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0722532717">0722532717</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+The+Old+Religion+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft.au=Crowley%2C%26%2332%3BVivianne&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B129&rft.isbn=0722532717&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <i>The Wicca Bible</i> by Anne-Marie Gallagher, Godsfield, page 34-39</li>
<li id="cite_note-CompleteBookByRayBucks-30" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Buckland, Raymond (1986). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=fr0pse0LBK0C&printsec=frontcover" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>: Llewellyn. pp. 17, 18, 53. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87542-050-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-87542-050-8">0-87542-050-8</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14167961" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">14167961</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckland%27s+Complete+Book+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Buckland%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B17%2C+18%2C+53&rft.place=%5B%5BSaint+Paul%2C+Minnesota%7CSaint+Paul%5D%5D&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.isbn=0-87542-050-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/14167961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dfr0pse0LBK0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valiente_reincarnation-31" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_reincarnation_31-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. Introduction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BIntroduction&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hutton-32" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <i>Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Withcraft</i>. Oxford University Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Withcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> Page 392</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar_on_Sanders-33" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_on_Sanders_33-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Stewart. <i>What Witches Do</i>. pp. 88. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345174" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345174">0919345174</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Witches+Do&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BStewart&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B88&rft.isbn=0919345174&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <i>Triumph of the Moon</i>. pp. 392. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955523753" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0955523753">0955523753</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+Moon&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B392&rft.isbn=0955523753&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valiente_on_Magic-35" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. 231. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B231&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Adler158-159-36" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Penguin.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> Page 158-159</li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Huson, Paul (1970). <i>Mastering Witchcraft</i>. Page 27. Putnam.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wiccan_spells-38" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Wiccan_spells_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible</i>. Godsfield. pp. 250 to 265. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B250+to+265&rft.pub=Godsfield&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Black-39" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Black_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible</i>. Godsfield. pp. 321. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B321&rft.pub=Godsfield&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Mathiesin, Robert; Theitic (2005). <i>The Rede of the Wiccae</i>. Providence, Rhode Island: Olympian Press. Page 60-61,</li>
<li id="cite_note-ExegesisRede-41" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ExegesisRede_41-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Harrow, Judy (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimelc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oimelc">Oimelc</a> 1985). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5QgCzLc0I" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Exegesis on the <i>Rede</i>"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(Neopagan_magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvest (Neopagan magazine)">Harvest</a></i> <b>5</b> (3). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.draknet.com/proteus/rede.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2007-07-28.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exegesis+on+the+%27%27Rede%27%27&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHarvest+%28Neopagan+magazine%29%7CHarvest%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Harrow&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=Harrow%2C%26%2332%3BJudy&rft.date=%5B%5BOimelc%5D%5D+1985&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F5QgCzLc0I&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lembke3fold-42" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Lembke3fold_42-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Lembke, Karl (2002) <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050508032805/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usca&c=words&id=3801" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Threefold Law</i></a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-EightSabbats-43" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-EightSabbats_43-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> (May 1992) [1981]. <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i>. London: Robert Hale Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709047789" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709047789">0709047789</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673966" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">26673966</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Sabbats+for+Witches&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=May+1992&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Publishing&rft.isbn=0709047789&rft_id=info:oclcnum/26673966&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RebirthofWitchcraft-44" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-RebirthofWitchcraft_44-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Valiente, Doreen</a> (1989). <i>The Rebirth of Witchcraft</i>. London: Robert Hale Publishing. pp. 70–71. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709037155" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709037155">0709037155</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59694320" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">59694320</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B70%E2%80%9371&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Publishing&rft.isbn=0709037155&rft_id=info:oclcnum/59694320&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TriumphoftheMoon-45" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-TriumphoftheMoon_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2005-05-24) [1999]. <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. New York City: Oxford University Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41452625" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">41452625</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rft_id=info:oclcnum/41452625&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchcraftToday2-46" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftToday2_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1954). <i>Witchcraft Today</i>. London: Rider and Company. pp. 69, 75. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806525932" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0806525932">0806525932</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1059746" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1059746</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Today&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1954&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B69%2C+75&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rider+and+Company&rft.isbn=0806525932&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1059746&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Adler, Margot (2006 [1986]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Penguin. pp. 130–131. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2006+%5B1986%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B130%E2%80%93131&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zell2006-42-48" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Zell2006-42_48-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=i3Iqu0h1VH0C&lpg=PA84&pg=PA42" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Creating Circles & Ceremonies</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Lakes,_New_Jersey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Franklin Lakes, New Jersey">Franklin Lakes</a>: New Page Books. p. 42.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564148645" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1564148645">1564148645</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Circles+%26+Ceremonies&rft.aulast=Zell-Ravenheart&rft.aufirst=Oberon&rft.au=Zell-Ravenheart%2C%26%2332%3BOberon&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B42&rft.place=%5B%5BFranklin+Lakes%2C+New+Jersey%7CFranklin+Lakes%5D%5D&rft.pub=New+Page+Books&rft.isbn=1564148645&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Di3Iqu0h1VH0C%26lpg%3DPA84%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lamond2004-49" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Lamond2004_49-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lamond, Frederic R (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. United Kingdom: Green Magic. pp. 88–89. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954723015" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0954723015">0954723015</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Wicca&rft.aulast=Lamond&rft.aufirst=Frederic+R&rft.au=Lamond%2C%26%2332%3BFrederic+R&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B88%E2%80%9389&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Green+Magic&rft.isbn=0954723015&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Valiente, Doreen (1989). The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Hale. Page 124.</li>
<li id="cite_note-ABCwitchcraft-51" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ABCwitchcraft_51-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Valiente, Doreen</a> (1988) [1973]. <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer,_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Custer, Washington">Custer</a>: Phoenix Publishing. pp. 264. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-77-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-919345-77-8">0-919345-77-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B264&rft.place=%5B%5BCuster%2C+Washington%7CCuster%5D%5D&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-919345-77-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual-52" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual_52-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 164.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B164&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual2-53" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual2_53-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 172.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B172&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual3-54" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual3_54-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 173.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B173&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual4-55" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual4_55-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 174.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B174&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Crowley, Vivianne. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i> (1989) London: The Aquarian Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850307376" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-85030-737-6</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Leland">Leland, Charles</a> (1899). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i>. David Nutt. Page 7.</li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1984). <i>The Witches' Way: Principles, Rituals and Beliefs of Modern Witchcraft</i>. Phoenix Publishing. pp. 156–174.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way%3A+Principles%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1984&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B156%E2%80%93174&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i> (1981) (published as Part 1 of <i>A Witches' Bible</i>, 1996) Custer, Washington, USA: Phoenix Publishing Inc. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345921" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-919345-92-1</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-60" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gary, Gemma (2008). <i>Traditional Witchcraft: A Cornish Book of Ways</i>. Troy Books. Page 147.</li>
<li id="cite_note-61" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Evans, Emrys (1992). <i>Mythology</i>. Little Brown & Company. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316847631" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-316-84763-1</a>. Page 170.</li>
<li id="cite_note-62" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (2004) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Red Wheel. p. 10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B10&rft.pub=Red+Wheel&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Lamond, Frederic</a> (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic. pp. 16–17. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9547230-1-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9547230-1-5">0-9547230-1-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Wicca&rft.aulast=Lamond&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Lamond%2C%26%2332%3BFrederic&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B16%E2%80%9317&rft.place=Sutton+Mallet%2C+England&rft.pub=Green+Magic&rft.isbn=0-9547230-1-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Crowley, Vivianne. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i> (1989) London: The Aquarian Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850307376" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-85030-737-6</a> p.23</li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 67.</li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 72.</li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Simpson, Jacqueline (2005). "Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America". <i>Folklore</i> <b>116</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Witching+Culture%3A+Folklore+and+Neo-Paganism+in+America&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BJacqueline&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=116&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrars_initiation-68" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart, Farrar</a>. <i>The Witches' Way</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Farrar&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BFarrar&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span>Chapter II - Second Degree Initiation</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrars_initiation2-69" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart, Farrar</a>. <i>The Witches' Way</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Farrar&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BFarrar&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span>Chapter III - Third Degree Initiation</li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Huson, Paul (1970). <i>Mastering Witchcraft: A Practical Guide for Witches, Warlocks and Covens</i>. New York: Putnum. pp. 22–23.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595420060" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0595420060">0595420060</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79263" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">79263</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Witchcraft%3A+A+Practical+Guide+for+Witches%2C+Warlocks+and+Covens&rft.aulast=Huson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Huson%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=1970&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B22%E2%80%9323&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnum&rft.isbn=0595420060&rft_id=info:oclcnum/79263&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 370.</li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 325.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B325&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Lamond, Frederic (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. Page 14. Green Magic.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Crowley1989-74" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Crowley1989_74-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Crowley, Vivianne (1989). <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i>. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85030-737-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-85030-737-6">0-85030-737-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+The+Old+Religion+in+the+New+Age&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft.au=Crowley%2C%26%2332%3BVivianne&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9315&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aquarian+Press&rft.isbn=0-85030-737-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar1996-75" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar1996_75-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a> (1996). <i>A Witches' Bible</i>. Custer, Washington: Phoenix Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-92-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-919345-92-1">0-919345-92-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witches%27+Bible&rft.aulast=Farrar%2C+Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Janet&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Custer%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-919345-92-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note--76" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-_76-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald</a> (2004). Naylor, A R (ed.). ed. <i>Witchcraft and the Book of Shadows</i>. Thame, England: I-H-O Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872189520" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1872189520">1872189520</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Book+of+Shadows&rft.aulast=Gardner%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Gerald&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Thame%2C+England&rft.pub=I-H-O+Books&rft.isbn=1872189520&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grevel Lindop, ed (24 May 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.the-cauldron.org.uk/robertcochraneletters.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Robert Cochrane’s Letters to Robert Graves"</a>. The Cauldron<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Robert+Cochrane%E2%80%99s+Letters+to+Robert+Graves&rft.atitle=&rft.date=24+May+2010&rft.pub=The+Cauldron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-cauldron.org.uk%2Frobertcochraneletters.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Cochrane, Robert</a>; Michael Howard and Evan John Jones (2003). <i>The Robert Cochrane Letters: An Insight into Modern Traditional Witchcraft</i>. UK: Capall Bann Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861632215" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1861632215">1861632215</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Robert+Cochrane+Letters%3A+An+Insight+into+Modern+Traditional+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Cochrane%2C+Robert&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Robert&rft.date=2003&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Publishing&rft.isbn=1861632215&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BeaufortIndex-79" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-BeaufortIndex_79-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://beaufort.bravepages.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Beaufort House Index of English Traditional Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Beaufort House Association</i>. 1999-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Beaufort+House+Index+of+English+Traditional+Witchcraft&rft.atitle=Beaufort+House+Association&rft.date=1999-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeaufort.bravepages.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DiffTypesCraft-80" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DiffTypesCraft_80-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hexarchive.com/wicca/witchcraft.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Different types of Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Hex Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Different+types+of+Witchcraft&rft.atitle=Hex+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hexarchive.com%2Fwicca%2Fwitchcraft.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Smith, Diane (2005). <i>Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies</i>. Wiley Publishing. Pg. 125.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NWCFAQ-82" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NWCFAQ_82-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newwiccanchurch.org/articles/btwfaq.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"British Traditional Wicca F.A.Q."</a>. Sacramento, CA: New Wiccan Church International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-07-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=British+Traditional+Wicca+F.A.Q.&rft.atitle=&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+CA&rft.pub=New+Wiccan+Church+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newwiccanchurch.org%2Farticles%2Fbtwfaq.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Hutton, Ronald (1993) <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy</i>. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631189467" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-631-18946-7</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-84" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Weinstein, Marion (2003) <i>Earth Magic: a book of shadows for positive witches</i> New Page Books <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564146383" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-56414-638-3</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-85" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Cunningham, Scott (1995) - <i>Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality</i> (<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567181996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-56718-199-6</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-86" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Cunningham, Scott (1988) - <i>Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner</i> (<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875421180" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87542-118-0</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-WiccanRoots-87" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WiccanRoots_87-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Heselton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip Heselton">Heselton, Philip</a> (November 2001). <i>Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival</i>. Freshfields, Chieveley, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>: Capall Bann Pub.. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861631103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1861631103">1861631103</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46955899" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">46955899</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiccan+Roots%3A+Gerald+Gardner+and+the+Modern+Witchcraft+Revival&rft.aulast=Heselton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Heselton%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&rft.date=November+2001&rft.place=Freshfields%2C+Chieveley%2C+%5B%5BBerkshire%5D%5D&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Pub.&rft.isbn=1861631103&rft_id=info:oclcnum/46955899&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Drury" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nevill Drury">Nevill Drury</a>. "Why Does Aleister Crowley Still Matter?" Richard Metzger, ed.<i>Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult.</i> Disinformation Books, 2003.</li>
<li id="cite_note-88" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Bourne, Lois (1998). <i>Dancing With Witches</i>. Hale. Page 51.</li>
<li id="cite_note-89" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Heselton, Philip (2003). <i>Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration</i>. Capall Bann. Page 254.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NewPagans-90" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NewPagans_90-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holzer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hans Holzer">Holzer, Hans</a> (1972). <i>The New Pagans</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/281240" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">281240</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Pagans&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Holzer%2C%26%2332%3BHans&rft.date=1972&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft_id=info:oclcnum/281240&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Bonewits, I (2005)<a class="external text" href="http://www.neopagan.net/HowManyPagans.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">How Many "Pagans" Are There?</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-92" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Adherents.com <a class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Na/i_w.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Statistical summary pages: W</a> Accessed 12 December 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARIS-93" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ARIS_93-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"American Religious Identification Survey"</a>. New York City: City University of New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+Religious+Identification+Survey&rft.atitle=&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=City+University+of+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.cuny.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fresearch_briefs%2Faris%2Fkey_findings.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Holmes, Erik (17 January 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2010/01/airforce_religion_011610w/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Respect healthy for different faiths"</a>. <i>Air Force Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Respect+healthy+for+different+faiths&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Times&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Holmes%2C%26%2332%3BErik&rft.date=17+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcetimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F01%2Fairforce_religion_011610w%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Ruickbie, Leo (2004). <i>Witchcraft Out of the Shadows</i>. Hale. Page 177.</li>
<li id="cite_note-PFScotland-96" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-PFScotland_96-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001</a> Accessed 18 October 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-Davis2003-97" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Davis2003_97-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC&pg=PA75" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Baylor University Press">Baylor University Press</a>. pp. 75. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0918954924" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0918954924">0918954924</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52895492" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">52895492</a>. "Much to the chagrin of practitioners of Wicca, there has been confusion in the minds of many about their religion, which is often linked with Satanism, although there are important differences."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements+and+Religious+Liberty+in+America&rft.aulast=Davis%2C+Derek%3B+Hankins%2C+Barry&rft.au=Davis%2C+Derek%3B+Hankins%2C+Barry&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=%5B%5BWaco%2C+Texas%7CWaco%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BBaylor+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0918954924&rft_id=info:oclcnum/52895492&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dup5fnY7Wp1wC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-slate031204-98" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-slate031204_98-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">'Bewitched' (2003-12-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2090966/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Witch Way"</a>. <i>Slate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-16</span>. "Believe me, coming out of the "broom closet" is a one-way trip."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Witch+Way&rft.atitle=Slate.com&rft.aulast=%27Bewitched%27&rft.au=%27Bewitched%27&rft.date=2003-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2090966%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valienteand_Christ-99" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valienteand_Christ_99-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. Introduction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente%2C+Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C+Doreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BIntroduction&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SatanicArmy-100" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-SatanicArmy_100-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Free Congress Foundation (1999-06-09). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020617210538/http://www.freecongress.org/press/releases/990609.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"'Satanic' Army Unworthy of Representing United States"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Satanic%27+Army+Unworthy+of+Representing+United+States&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Free+Congress+Foundation&rft.au=Free+Congress+Foundation&rft.date=1999-06-09&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20020617210538%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.freecongress.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2F990609.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RISwiccan-101" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-RISwiccan_101-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Silk, Mark (Summer 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070524174633/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol2No2/wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Something Wiccan This Way Comes"</a>. <i>Religion in the News</i> <b>2</b> (2). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-7207" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1525-7207</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol2No2/wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2007-05-24.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Something+Wiccan+This+Way+Comes&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+the+News&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Silk%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=Summer+1999&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.issn=1525-7207&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070524174633%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.trincoll.edu%2Fdepts%2Fcsrpl%2FRINVol2No2%2Fwicca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BarrProject-102" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-BarrProject_102-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000229034145/http://www.lawstreet.com/journal/art991101wiccan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Barr's Witch Project: Lawmaker Wants to Ban Witches from the Military"</a>. <i>LawStreet Journal</i>. 1999-11-01. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.lawstreet.com/journal/art991101wiccan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2000-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barr%27s+Witch+Project%3A+Lawmaker+Wants+to+Ban+Witches+from+the+Military&rft.jtitle=LawStreet+Journal&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20000229034145%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawstreet.com%2Fjournal%2Fart991101wiccan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry-103" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry_103-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/bushwicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"George W. Bush Justifies Off-The-Cuff Bigotry"</a>. <i>Positive Atheism Magazine</i>. 1999-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-30</span>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry-103" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-WitchcraftInside-104" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftInside_104-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Buckland, Raymond</a> (1 September 2002) [1971]. <i>Witchcraft From The Inside: Origins of the Fastest Growing Religious Movement in America</i>(3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Publications" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Llewellyn Publications">Llewellyn Publications</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56718-101-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-56718-101-5">1-56718-101-5</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31781774" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">31781774</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+From+The+Inside%3A+Origins+of+the+Fastest+Growing+Religious+Movement+in+America&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Buckland%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond&rft.date=1+September+2002&rft.edition=3rd&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=%5B%5BLlewellyn+Publications%5D%5D&rft.isbn=1-56718-101-5&rft_id=info:oclcnum/31781774&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Allen, Charlotte (January 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/2001/01/the-scholars-and-the-goddess/5910/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Scholars and the Goddess"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i> (287). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/202832236" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">202832236</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Scholars+and+the+Goddess&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Allen%2C%26%2332%3BCharlotte&rft.date=January+2001&rft.issue=287&rft_id=info:oclcnum/202832236&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fprint%2F2001%2F01%2Fthe-scholars-and-the-goddess%2F5910%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hutton1999-106" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Philip G (1998). <i>Goddess Unmasked</i>. Dallas: Spence. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0965320898" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0965320898">0965320898</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Unmasked&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Philip+G&rft.au=Davis%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+G&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pub=Spence&rft.isbn=0965320898&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Witchesandneighbors-108" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Witchesandneighbors_108-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Briggs, Robin (1998). <i>Witches and Neighbors</i>. Penguin. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14014-438-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-14014-438-2">0-14014-438-2</a>.</span></li>
</ol><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Significant historical works</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i> (Ryder, 1954)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i> (Aquarian, 1959)</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Practices and beliefs</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a>, <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nikki Bado-Fralick, <i>Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2005).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">History of Wicca</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan A. Kelly</a>, <i>Crafting the Art of Magic: A History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939-1964</i> (St Paul: Llewellyn, 1991). <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875423701" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87542-370-1</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a>, <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wicca in different countries</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Helen A. Berger, <i>A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States</i> (Columbia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>, 1999).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chas S. Clifton, <i>Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America</i> (Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 2006).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a>, <i>Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 2004)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lynne Hume, <i>Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</i> (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">General</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a>, <i>The Witch Book: The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wicca, and Neo-paganism</i> (Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 2002).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">James R. Lewis, <i>Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions</i> (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1999).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Shelly Rabinovitch and James R. Lewis, eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism</i> (New York: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kensington Publishing">Kensington Publishing</a>, 2002).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">James R. Lewis, ed., <i>Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft</i> (Albany: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, 1996).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">T. M. Luhrmann, <i>Persuasions of the Witch's Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England</i> (London: Picador, 1994).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentacle_2.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Pentacle 2.svg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pentacle_2.svg/28px-Pentacle_2.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Wicca">Wicca portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.witchvox.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Witchvox.org</a> is a Neopagan news and networking website.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cog.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Covenant of the Goddess (U.S.)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.paganfed.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pagan Federation (UK)</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.ca.paganfederation.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">(Canada)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.equinoxpub.com/journals/main.asp?jref=51" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Pomegranate</i></a>: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> definition of <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:wicca">Wicca</a></li>
</ul></span></span></div></span></li><br />
</ol></span>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-43891677136854507122011-07-04T13:55:00.000-07:002011-07-04T13:55:40.500-07:00References and footnotes<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 35em; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><br />
^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kemp, Anthony (1993). <i>Witchcraft and Paganism Today</i>. London: Michael O'Mara. p. 3. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854791176" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1854791176">1854791176</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Paganism+Today&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Kemp%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara&rft.isbn=1854791176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. vii.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bvii&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchcraftToday-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftToday_2-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1999) [1954]. <i>Witchcraft Today</i>. Lake Toxaway, NC: Mercury Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806525932" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0806525932">0806525932</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44936549" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">44936549</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Today&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Lake+Toxaway%2C+NC&rft.pub=Mercury+Publishing&rft.isbn=0806525932&rft_id=info:oclcnum/44936549&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Seims, Melissa (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thewica.co.uk/wica_or_wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Wica or Wicca? - Politics and the Power of Words"</a>. <i>The Cauldron</i> (129).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wica+or+Wicca%3F+-+Politics+and+the+Power+of+Words&rft.jtitle=The+Cauldron&rft.aulast=Seims&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Seims%2C%26%2332%3BMelissa&rft.date=2008&rft.issue=129&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewica.co.uk%2Fwica_or_wicca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DrawingDownMoon-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon_4-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (1979). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9">0-8070-3237-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=1979&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=0-8070-3237-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: the Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New York City">New York</a>: Sterling Publishing.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible%3A+the+Definitive+Guide+to+Magic+and+the+Craft&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York+City%7CNew+York%5D%5D&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 2-3.</li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. p. 59.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709028008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709028008">0709028008</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Goddess%3A+The+Feminine+Principle+of+Divinity&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1987&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B59&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709028008&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NatureRelToday-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NatureRelToday_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H; Samuel, Geoffrey (December 1998). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rLYCOOUlsBcC&pg=PA6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-748-61057-X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-748-61057-X">0-748-61057-X</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39533917" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">39533917</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Religion+Today%3A+Paganism+in+the+Modern+World&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Pearson%2C%26%2332%3BJoanne&rft.date=December+1998&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B6&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-748-61057-X&rft_id=info:oclcnum/39533917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrLYCOOUlsBcC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ravenwolf, Silver (1998). <i>Teen Witch: Wicca for a New Generation</i>. St Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn. p. 25. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567187250" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1567187250">1567187250</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teen+Witch%3A+Wicca+for+a+New+Generation&rft.aulast=Ravenwolf&rft.aufirst=Silver&rft.au=Ravenwolf%2C%26%2332%3BSilver&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B25&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.isbn=1567187250&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gardner, Gerald (1959). <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Aquarian. p. 260. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.date=1959&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B260&rft.pub=Aquarian&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 32–34. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B32%E2%80%9334&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Howard, Michael (2009). Modern Wicca. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. Page 266-267</li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Howard, Michael (2009). Modern Wicca. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. Page 271.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 35–38. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B35%E2%80%9338&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 15–17. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B15%E2%80%9317&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 29-37.</li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. (1987). <i>The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity</i>. London: Robert Hale. Page 38-44.</li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1989). <i>The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 7–10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709033192" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709033192">0709033192</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+God%3A+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%9310&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.isbn=0709033192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchesBible-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchesBible_19-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> (1981). <i>A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches Handbook</i>. London: Phoenix Publishing. pp. 181–182.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345921" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345921">0919345921</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62866821" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">62866821</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witches%27+Bible%3A+The+Complete+Witches+Handbook&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1981&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B181%E2%80%93182&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0919345921&rft_id=info:oclcnum/62866821&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA US: Copple House Books. pp. 26–27. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%93%C2%80%C2%9327&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA+US&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft1-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft1_21-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA: Copple House Books. pp. 260–261. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B260%E2%80%93261&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1991). <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</i>. Blackwell. pp. 260–261. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17288-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17288-2">0-631-17288-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B260%E2%80%93261&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.isbn=0-631-17288-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft2-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft2_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1988) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Lakemont, GA: Copple House Books. pp. 26–27. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%9327&rft.place=Lakemont%2C+GA&rft.pub=Copple+House+Books&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchBlood-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchBlood_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Crowther, Patricia</a> (1974). <i>Witch Blood! The Diary of a Witch High Priestess!</i>. New York City: House of Collectibles. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876371616" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0876371616">0876371616</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009193" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1009193</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Blood%21+The+Diary+of+a+Witch+High+Priestess%21&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Crowther%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.date=1974&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=House+of+Collectibles&rft.isbn=0876371616&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1009193&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scott Cunningham">Cunningham, Scott</a>. <i>Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875421849" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0875421849">0875421849</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Solitary+Practitioner&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Cunningham%2C%26%2332%3BScott&rft.isbn=0875421849&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ProgressiveWitchcraft-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ProgressiveWitchcraft_26-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a> (January 2004). <i>Progressive Witchcraft: Spirituality, Mysteries, and Training in Modern Wicca</i>. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Age Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564147193" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1564147193">1564147193</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53223741" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">53223741</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Witchcraft%3A+Spirituality%2C+Mysteries%2C+and+Training+in+Modern+Wicca&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=January+2004&rft.place=Franklin+Lakes%2C+NJ&rft.pub=New+Age+Books&rft.isbn=1564147193&rft_id=info:oclcnum/53223741&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DrawingDownMoon2-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon2_27-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (1979). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 25, 34–35. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-3237-9">0-8070-3237-9</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6918454" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">6918454</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=1979&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B25%2C+34%E2%80%9335&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=0-8070-3237-9&rft_id=info:oclcnum/6918454&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Crowleyarchetype-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Crowleyarchetype_28-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vivianne Crowley">Crowley, Vivianne</a>. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium</i>. pp. 129. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0722532717" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0722532717">0722532717</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+The+Old+Religion+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft.au=Crowley%2C%26%2332%3BVivianne&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B129&rft.isbn=0722532717&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <i>The Wicca Bible</i> by Anne-Marie Gallagher, Godsfield, page 34-39</li>
<li id="cite_note-CompleteBookByRayBucks-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Buckland, Raymond (1986). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=fr0pse0LBK0C&printsec=frontcover" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>: Llewellyn. pp. 17, 18, 53. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87542-050-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-87542-050-8">0-87542-050-8</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14167961" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">14167961</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckland%27s+Complete+Book+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Buckland%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond&rft.date=1986&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B17%2C+18%2C+53&rft.place=%5B%5BSaint+Paul%2C+Minnesota%7CSaint+Paul%5D%5D&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.isbn=0-87542-050-8&rft_id=info:oclcnum/14167961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dfr0pse0LBK0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valiente_reincarnation-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_reincarnation_31-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. Introduction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BIntroduction&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hutton-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton_32-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <i>Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Withcraft</i>. Oxford University Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Withcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> Page 392</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar_on_Sanders-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar_on_Sanders_33-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Stewart. <i>What Witches Do</i>. pp. 88. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345174" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345174">0919345174</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Witches+Do&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BStewart&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B88&rft.isbn=0919345174&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <i>Triumph of the Moon</i>. pp. 392. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0955523753" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0955523753">0955523753</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+Moon&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B392&rft.isbn=0955523753&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valiente_on_Magic-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. 231. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B231&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Adler158-159-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Penguin.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> Page 158-159</li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Huson, Paul (1970). <i>Mastering Witchcraft</i>. Page 27. Putnam.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wiccan_spells-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Wiccan_spells_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible</i>. Godsfield. pp. 250 to 265. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B250+to+265&rft.pub=Godsfield&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Black-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Black_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible</i>. Godsfield. pp. 321. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140273008X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/140273008X">140273008X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicca+Bible&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft.au=Gallagher%2C%26%2332%3BAnn-Marie&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B321&rft.pub=Godsfield&rft.isbn=140273008X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Mathiesin, Robert; Theitic (2005). <i>The Rede of the Wiccae</i>. Providence, Rhode Island: Olympian Press. Page 60-61,</li>
<li id="cite_note-ExegesisRede-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ExegesisRede_41-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Harrow, Judy (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oimelc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oimelc">Oimelc</a> 1985). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5QgCzLc0I" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Exegesis on the <i>Rede</i>"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(Neopagan_magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvest (Neopagan magazine)">Harvest</a></i> <b>5</b> (3). Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.draknet.com/proteus/rede.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2007-07-28.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exegesis+on+the+%27%27Rede%27%27&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHarvest+%28Neopagan+magazine%29%7CHarvest%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Harrow&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=Harrow%2C%26%2332%3BJudy&rft.date=%5B%5BOimelc%5D%5D+1985&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F5QgCzLc0I&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lembke3fold-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Lembke3fold_42-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Lembke, Karl (2002) <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050508032805/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usca&c=words&id=3801" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Threefold Law</i></a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-EightSabbats-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-EightSabbats_43-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> (May 1992) [1981]. <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i>. London: Robert Hale Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709047789" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709047789">0709047789</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673966" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">26673966</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Sabbats+for+Witches&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=May+1992&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Publishing&rft.isbn=0709047789&rft_id=info:oclcnum/26673966&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RebirthofWitchcraft-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-RebirthofWitchcraft_44-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Valiente, Doreen</a> (1989). <i>The Rebirth of Witchcraft</i>. London: Robert Hale Publishing. pp. 70–71. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709037155" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0709037155">0709037155</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59694320" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">59694320</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B70%E2%80%9371&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Publishing&rft.isbn=0709037155&rft_id=info:oclcnum/59694320&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TriumphoftheMoon-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-TriumphoftheMoon_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2005-05-24) [1999]. <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. New York City: Oxford University Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41452625" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">41452625</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rft_id=info:oclcnum/41452625&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchcraftToday2-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftToday2_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (1954). <i>Witchcraft Today</i>. London: Rider and Company. pp. 69, 75. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806525932" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0806525932">0806525932</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1059746" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1059746</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Today&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=1954&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B69%2C+75&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rider+and+Company&rft.isbn=0806525932&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1059746&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Adler, Margot (2006 [1986]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. Penguin. pp. 130–131. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2006+%5B1986%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B130%E2%80%93131&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zell2006-42-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Zell2006-42_48-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=i3Iqu0h1VH0C&lpg=PA84&pg=PA42" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Creating Circles & Ceremonies</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Lakes,_New_Jersey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Franklin Lakes, New Jersey">Franklin Lakes</a>: New Page Books. p. 42.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564148645" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1564148645">1564148645</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Circles+%26+Ceremonies&rft.aulast=Zell-Ravenheart&rft.aufirst=Oberon&rft.au=Zell-Ravenheart%2C%26%2332%3BOberon&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B42&rft.place=%5B%5BFranklin+Lakes%2C+New+Jersey%7CFranklin+Lakes%5D%5D&rft.pub=New+Page+Books&rft.isbn=1564148645&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Di3Iqu0h1VH0C%26lpg%3DPA84%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lamond2004-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Lamond2004_49-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lamond, Frederic R (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. United Kingdom: Green Magic. pp. 88–89. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954723015" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0954723015">0954723015</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Wicca&rft.aulast=Lamond&rft.aufirst=Frederic+R&rft.au=Lamond%2C%26%2332%3BFrederic+R&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B88%E2%80%9389&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Green+Magic&rft.isbn=0954723015&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Valiente, Doreen (1989). The Rebirth of Witchcraft. London: Hale. Page 124.</li>
<li id="cite_note-ABCwitchcraft-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ABCwitchcraft_51-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Valiente, Doreen</a> (1988) [1973]. <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer,_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Custer, Washington">Custer</a>: Phoenix Publishing. pp. 264. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-77-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-919345-77-8">0-919345-77-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C%26%2332%3BDoreen&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B264&rft.place=%5B%5BCuster%2C+Washington%7CCuster%5D%5D&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-919345-77-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual_52-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 164.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B164&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual2-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual2_53-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 172.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B172&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual3-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual3_54-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 173.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B173&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AdleronRitual4-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-AdleronRitual4_55-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2005 [1979]). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America</i>. Penguin. pp. 174.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014019536X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/014019536X">014019536X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Adler%2C%26%2332%3BMargot&rft.date=2005+%5B1979%5D&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B174&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=014019536X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Crowley, Vivianne. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i> (1989) London: The Aquarian Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850307376" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-85030-737-6</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Leland">Leland, Charles</a> (1899). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i>. David Nutt. Page 7.</li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1984). <i>The Witches' Way: Principles, Rituals and Beliefs of Modern Witchcraft</i>. Phoenix Publishing. pp. 156–174.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way%3A+Principles%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C%26%2332%3BJanet&rft.date=1984&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B156%E2%80%93174&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>. <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i> (1981) (published as Part 1 of <i>A Witches' Bible</i>, 1996) Custer, Washington, USA: Phoenix Publishing Inc. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345921" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-919345-92-1</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gary, Gemma (2008). <i>Traditional Witchcraft: A Cornish Book of Ways</i>. Troy Books. Page 147.</li>
<li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Evans, Emrys (1992). <i>Mythology</i>. Little Brown & Company. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316847631" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-316-84763-1</a>. Page 170.</li>
<li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald B</a> (2004) [1959]. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. Red Wheel. p. 10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939708027" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0939708027">0939708027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B&rft.au=Gardner%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+B&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B10&rft.pub=Red+Wheel&rft.isbn=0939708027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Lamond, Frederic</a> (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic. pp. 16–17. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9547230-1-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9547230-1-5">0-9547230-1-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Wicca&rft.aulast=Lamond&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Lamond%2C%26%2332%3BFrederic&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B16%E2%80%9317&rft.place=Sutton+Mallet%2C+England&rft.pub=Green+Magic&rft.isbn=0-9547230-1-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Crowley, Vivianne. <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i> (1989) London: The Aquarian Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850307376" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-85030-737-6</a> p.23</li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 67.</li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 72.</li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Simpson, Jacqueline (2005). "Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America". <i>Folklore</i> <b>116</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Witching+Culture%3A+Folklore+and+Neo-Paganism+in+America&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BJacqueline&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=116&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrars_initiation-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart, Farrar</a>. <i>The Witches' Way</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Farrar&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BFarrar&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span>Chapter II - Second Degree Initiation</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrars_initiation2-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart, Farrar</a>. <i>The Witches' Way</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345719" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345719">0919345719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Farrar&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BFarrar&rft.isbn=0919345719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span>Chapter III - Third Degree Initiation</li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Huson, Paul (1970). <i>Mastering Witchcraft: A Practical Guide for Witches, Warlocks and Covens</i>. New York: Putnum. pp. 22–23.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595420060" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0595420060">0595420060</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79263" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">79263</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Witchcraft%3A+A+Practical+Guide+for+Witches%2C+Warlocks+and+Covens&rft.aulast=Huson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Huson%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=1970&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B22%E2%80%9323&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnum&rft.isbn=0595420060&rft_id=info:oclcnum/79263&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gallagher, Anne-Marie. (2005). <i>The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft</i>. London: Godsfield Press. Page 370.</li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 325.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B325&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Lamond, Frederic (2004). <i>Fifty Years of Wicca</i>. Page 14. Green Magic.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Crowley1989-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Crowley1989_74-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Crowley, Vivianne (1989). <i>Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age</i>. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85030-737-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-85030-737-6">0-85030-737-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+The+Old+Religion+in+the+New+Age&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft.au=Crowley%2C%26%2332%3BVivianne&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9315&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aquarian+Press&rft.isbn=0-85030-737-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Farrar1996-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Farrar1996_75-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a> (1996). <i>A Witches' Bible</i>. Custer, Washington: Phoenix Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-92-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-919345-92-1">0-919345-92-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witches%27+Bible&rft.aulast=Farrar%2C+Janet&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Janet&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Custer%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-919345-92-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note--76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-_76-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald</a> (2004). Naylor, A R (ed.). ed. <i>Witchcraft and the Book of Shadows</i>. Thame, England: I-H-O Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872189520" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1872189520">1872189520</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Book+of+Shadows&rft.aulast=Gardner%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Gerald&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Thame%2C+England&rft.pub=I-H-O+Books&rft.isbn=1872189520&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grevel Lindop, ed (24 May 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.the-cauldron.org.uk/robertcochraneletters.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Robert Cochrane’s Letters to Robert Graves"</a>. The Cauldron<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Robert+Cochrane%E2%80%99s+Letters+to+Robert+Graves&rft.atitle=&rft.date=24+May+2010&rft.pub=The+Cauldron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-cauldron.org.uk%2Frobertcochraneletters.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Cochrane, Robert</a>; Michael Howard and Evan John Jones (2003). <i>The Robert Cochrane Letters: An Insight into Modern Traditional Witchcraft</i>. UK: Capall Bann Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861632215" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1861632215">1861632215</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Robert+Cochrane+Letters%3A+An+Insight+into+Modern+Traditional+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Cochrane%2C+Robert&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Robert&rft.date=2003&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Publishing&rft.isbn=1861632215&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BeaufortIndex-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-BeaufortIndex_79-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://beaufort.bravepages.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Beaufort House Index of English Traditional Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Beaufort House Association</i>. 1999-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Beaufort+House+Index+of+English+Traditional+Witchcraft&rft.atitle=Beaufort+House+Association&rft.date=1999-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeaufort.bravepages.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DiffTypesCraft-80" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-DiffTypesCraft_80-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hexarchive.com/wicca/witchcraft.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Different types of Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Hex Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-04-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Different+types+of+Witchcraft&rft.atitle=Hex+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hexarchive.com%2Fwicca%2Fwitchcraft.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Smith, Diane (2005). <i>Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies</i>. Wiley Publishing. Pg. 125.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NWCFAQ-82" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NWCFAQ_82-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newwiccanchurch.org/articles/btwfaq.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"British Traditional Wicca F.A.Q."</a>. Sacramento, CA: New Wiccan Church International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-07-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=British+Traditional+Wicca+F.A.Q.&rft.atitle=&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+CA&rft.pub=New+Wiccan+Church+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newwiccanchurch.org%2Farticles%2Fbtwfaq.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Hutton, Ronald (1993) <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy</i>. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631189467" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-631-18946-7</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-84" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Weinstein, Marion (2003) <i>Earth Magic: a book of shadows for positive witches</i> New Page Books <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564146383" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-56414-638-3</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-85" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Cunningham, Scott (1995) - <i>Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality</i> (<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567181996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-56718-199-6</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-86" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Cunningham, Scott (1988) - <i>Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner</i> (<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875421180" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87542-118-0</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-WiccanRoots-87" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WiccanRoots_87-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Heselton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip Heselton">Heselton, Philip</a> (November 2001). <i>Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival</i>. Freshfields, Chieveley, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>: Capall Bann Pub.. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861631103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1861631103">1861631103</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46955899" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">46955899</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiccan+Roots%3A+Gerald+Gardner+and+the+Modern+Witchcraft+Revival&rft.aulast=Heselton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Heselton%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&rft.date=November+2001&rft.place=Freshfields%2C+Chieveley%2C+%5B%5BBerkshire%5D%5D&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Pub.&rft.isbn=1861631103&rft_id=info:oclcnum/46955899&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span> See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Drury" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nevill Drury">Nevill Drury</a>. "Why Does Aleister Crowley Still Matter?" Richard Metzger, ed.<i>Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult.</i> Disinformation Books, 2003.</li>
<li id="cite_note-88" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Bourne, Lois (1998). <i>Dancing With Witches</i>. Hale. Page 51.</li>
<li id="cite_note-89" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Heselton, Philip (2003). <i>Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration</i>. Capall Bann. Page 254.</li>
<li id="cite_note-NewPagans-90" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-NewPagans_90-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holzer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hans Holzer">Holzer, Hans</a> (1972). <i>The New Pagans</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/281240" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">281240</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Pagans&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Holzer%2C%26%2332%3BHans&rft.date=1972&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft_id=info:oclcnum/281240&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Bonewits, I (2005)<a class="external text" href="http://www.neopagan.net/HowManyPagans.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">How Many "Pagans" Are There?</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-92" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Adherents.com <a class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/Na/i_w.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Statistical summary pages: W</a> Accessed 12 December 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-ARIS-93" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-ARIS_93-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"American Religious Identification Survey"</a>. New York City: City University of New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+Religious+Identification+Survey&rft.atitle=&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=City+University+of+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.cuny.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fresearch_briefs%2Faris%2Fkey_findings.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Holmes, Erik (17 January 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2010/01/airforce_religion_011610w/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Respect healthy for different faiths"</a>. <i>Air Force Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Respect+healthy+for+different+faiths&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Times&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Holmes%2C%26%2332%3BErik&rft.date=17+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcetimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F01%2Fairforce_religion_011610w%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Ruickbie, Leo (2004). <i>Witchcraft Out of the Shadows</i>. Hale. Page 177.</li>
<li id="cite_note-PFScotland-96" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-PFScotland_96-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001</a> Accessed 18 October 2007</li>
<li id="cite_note-Davis2003-97" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Davis2003_97-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC&pg=PA75" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Baylor University Press">Baylor University Press</a>. pp. 75. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0918954924" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0918954924">0918954924</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52895492" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">52895492</a>. "Much to the chagrin of practitioners of Wicca, there has been confusion in the minds of many about their religion, which is often linked with Satanism, although there are important differences."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements+and+Religious+Liberty+in+America&rft.aulast=Davis%2C+Derek%3B+Hankins%2C+Barry&rft.au=Davis%2C+Derek%3B+Hankins%2C+Barry&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B75&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=%5B%5BWaco%2C+Texas%7CWaco%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BBaylor+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0918954924&rft_id=info:oclcnum/52895492&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dup5fnY7Wp1wC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-slate031204-98" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-slate031204_98-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">'Bewitched' (2003-12-04). <a class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2090966/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Witch Way"</a>. <i>Slate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-16</span>. "Believe me, coming out of the "broom closet" is a one-way trip."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Witch+Way&rft.atitle=Slate.com&rft.aulast=%27Bewitched%27&rft.au=%27Bewitched%27&rft.date=2003-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2090966%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Valienteand_Christ-99" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Valienteand_Christ_99-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Valiente, Doreen (1973). <i>An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present</i>. Hale. pp. Introduction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919345778" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0919345778">0919345778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ABC+of+Witchcraft+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Valiente%2C+Doreen&rft.au=Valiente%2C+Doreen&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BIntroduction&rft.pub=Hale&rft.isbn=0919345778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SatanicArmy-100" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-SatanicArmy_100-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation press release" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Free Congress Foundation (1999-06-09). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020617210538/http://www.freecongress.org/press/releases/990609.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"'Satanic' Army Unworthy of Representing United States"</a>. Press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Satanic%27+Army+Unworthy+of+Representing+United+States&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Free+Congress+Foundation&rft.au=Free+Congress+Foundation&rft.date=1999-06-09&rft.series=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20020617210538%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.freecongress.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2F990609.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RISwiccan-101" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-RISwiccan_101-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Silk, Mark (Summer 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070524174633/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol2No2/wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Something Wiccan This Way Comes"</a>. <i>Religion in the News</i> <b>2</b> (2). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-7207" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1525-7207</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol2No2/wicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2007-05-24.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Something+Wiccan+This+Way+Comes&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+the+News&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Silk%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=Summer+1999&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.issn=1525-7207&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070524174633%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.trincoll.edu%2Fdepts%2Fcsrpl%2FRINVol2No2%2Fwicca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BarrProject-102" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-BarrProject_102-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000229034145/http://www.lawstreet.com/journal/art991101wiccan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Barr's Witch Project: Lawmaker Wants to Ban Witches from the Military"</a>. <i>LawStreet Journal</i>. 1999-11-01. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.lawstreet.com/journal/art991101wiccan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2000-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barr%27s+Witch+Project%3A+Lawmaker+Wants+to+Ban+Witches+from+the+Military&rft.jtitle=LawStreet+Journal&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20000229034145%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawstreet.com%2Fjournal%2Fart991101wiccan.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry-103" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry_103-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/writ/bushwicca.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"George W. Bush Justifies Off-The-Cuff Bigotry"</a>. <i>Positive Atheism Magazine</i>. 1999-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+W.+Bush+Justifies+Off-The-Cuff+Bigotry&rft.jtitle=Positive+Atheism+Magazine&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fwrit%2Fbushwicca.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WitchcraftInside-104" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-WitchcraftInside_104-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Buckland, Raymond</a> (1 September 2002) [1971]. <i>Witchcraft From The Inside: Origins of the Fastest Growing Religious Movement in America</i>(3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Publications" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Llewellyn Publications">Llewellyn Publications</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56718-101-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-56718-101-5">1-56718-101-5</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31781774" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">31781774</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+From+The+Inside%3A+Origins+of+the+Fastest+Growing+Religious+Movement+in+America&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Buckland%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond&rft.date=1+September+2002&rft.edition=3rd&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=%5B%5BLlewellyn+Publications%5D%5D&rft.isbn=1-56718-101-5&rft_id=info:oclcnum/31781774&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Allen, Charlotte (January 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/2001/01/the-scholars-and-the-goddess/5910/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Scholars and the Goddess"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i> (287). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/202832236" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">202832236</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Scholars+and+the+Goddess&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Allen%2C%26%2332%3BCharlotte&rft.date=January+2001&rft.issue=287&rft_id=info:oclcnum/202832236&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fprint%2F2001%2F01%2Fthe-scholars-and-the-goddess%2F5910%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hutton1999-106" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198207441" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198207441">0198207441</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Hutton%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0198207441&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Philip G (1998). <i>Goddess Unmasked</i>. Dallas: Spence. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0965320898" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0965320898">0965320898</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Unmasked&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Philip+G&rft.au=Davis%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+G&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pub=Spence&rft.isbn=0965320898&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Witchesandneighbors-108" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_ref-Witchesandneighbors_108-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Briggs, Robin (1998). <i>Witches and Neighbors</i>. Penguin. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14014-438-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-14014-438-2">0-14014-438-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches+and+Neighbors&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Briggs%2C%26%2332%3BRobin&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=0-14014-438-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Wicca"></span></li>
</ol></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Significant historical works</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i> (Ryder, 1954)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i> (Aquarian, 1959)</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Practices and beliefs</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a>, <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches</i>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nikki Bado-Fralick, <i>Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2005).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">History of Wicca</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan A. Kelly</a>, <i>Crafting the Art of Magic: A History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939-1964</i> (St Paul: Llewellyn, 1991). <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875423701" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87542-370-1</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a>, <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wicca in different countries</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Helen A. Berger, <i>A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States</i> (Columbia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>, 1999).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chas S. Clifton, <i>Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America</i> (Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 2006).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a>, <i>Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 2004)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lynne Hume, <i>Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</i> (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">General</dt>
<dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a>, <i>The Witch Book: The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wicca, and Neo-paganism</i> (Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 2002).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">James R. Lewis, <i>Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions</i> (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1999).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Shelly Rabinovitch and James R. Lewis, eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism</i> (New York: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kensington Publishing">Kensington Publishing</a>, 2002).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">James R. Lewis, ed., <i>Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft</i> (Albany: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, 1996).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">T. M. Luhrmann, <i>Persuasions of the Witch's Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England</i> (London: Picador, 1994).</li>
</ul></dd></dl><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentacle_2.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Pentacle 2.svg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pentacle_2.svg/28px-Pentacle_2.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Wicca">Wicca portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.witchvox.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Witchvox.org</a> is a Neopagan news and networking website.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cog.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Covenant of the Goddess (U.S.)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.paganfed.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pagan Federation (UK)</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.ca.paganfederation.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">(Canada)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.equinoxpub.com/journals/main.asp?jref=51" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Pomegranate</i></a>: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> definition of <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:wicca">Wicca</a>g</li>
</ul><div><br />
</div><div><br />
</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-79815392671273535422011-07-04T13:53:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:53:47.079-07:00Debates over the origin of Wicca<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">According to the history of Wicca given by Gerald Gardner, Wicca is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">the survival of a theoretical European witch-cult</a> that was persecuted during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_trial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch trial">witch trials</a>. Theories of an organised pan-European witch-cult, as well as mass trials thereof, have been largely discredited, but it is still common for Wiccans to claim solidarity with witch trial victims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WitchcraftInside_104-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WitchcraftInside-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The notion of the survival of Wiccan traditions and rituals from ancient sources is contested by most recent researchers. These suggest that Wicca is a more recent creation which combines elements of freemasonry and 19th century occultism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from June 2011">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a></i>]</sup> have asserted that Wicca is an off-shoot of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Age movement">New Age movement</a>, a claim which is fiercely denied by most Wiccans and also by historians such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a>, who noted that Wicca not only predates the New Age movement but also differs markedly in its general philosophy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton1999-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In his 1999 book <i>The Triumph of the Moon</i>, Ronald Hutton researched the Wiccan claim that ancient pagan customs have survived into modern times after being Christianised in medieval times as folk practices. Hutton found that most of the folk customs which are claimed to have pagan roots (such as the Maypole dance) actually date from the Middle Ages. He concluded that the idea that medieval revels were pagan in origin is a legacy of the Protestant Reformation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton1999_106-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton1999-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Modern scholarly investigations have revealed that these trials were substantially fewer than claimed by Gardner, and seldom at the behest of religious authorities. The book <i>Witches and Neighbors</i> by Robin Briggs (1996) examines the history of witchcraft in medieval Europe, and refutes the widely-told story that large numbers of independent women were burned at the stake by vindictive Christian ecclesiastics, for the crime of practicing naturalistic healing or neopagan religion. Most scholars estimate that a total of 40,000 people were executed as witches during the entire medieval period, and that church authorities participated reluctantly in this process, which was largely fueled by the political turmoil of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Witchesandneighbors_108-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Witchesandneighbors-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-51964795511429656752011-07-04T13:53:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:53:24.964-07:00Acceptance of Wiccans<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Religious discrimination against Neopagans</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baphosimb.gif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Baphosimb.gif/220px-Baphosimb.gif" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baphosimb.gif" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>The use of the inverted pentagram by the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Satan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> has contributed to the misidentification of Wiccans as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satanism">Satanists</a>.</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Wicca emerged in a predominantly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> country, and from its inception suffered opposition from certain Christian groups and from the popular tabloids like the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_of_the_World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="News of the World">News of the World</a></i>. This has continued till this day, and some Christians have asserted that Wicca is a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, despite important differences between these religions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davis2003_97-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Davis2003-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> such as the lack of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a>-like figure in Wiccan theology. Due to negative connotations associated with witchcraft, many Wiccans continue the traditional practice of secrecy, concealing their faith for fear of persecution. Revealing oneself as Wiccan to family, friends or colleagues is often termed "coming out of the broom-closet".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-slate031204_98-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-slate031204-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> In a similar way, some people have accused Wicca of being anti-Christian, a claim disputed by Wiccans such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, who stated that whilst she knew many Wiccans who admired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, "witches have little respect for the doctrines of the churches, which they regard as a lot of man-made dogma".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valienteand_Christ_99-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Valienteand_Christ-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the United States, a number of legal decisions have improved and validated the status of Wiccans, especially <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i> in 1985. However, Wiccans have encountered hostility from some politicians and Christian organisations,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SatanicArmy_100-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-SatanicArmy-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RISwiccan_101-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-RISwiccan-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BarrProject_102-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-BarrProject-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> including former president of the United States <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, who stated that he did not believe Wicca to be a religion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry_103-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-George_W._Bush_Justifies_Off-The-Cuff_Bigotry-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-83141265092846022222011-07-04T13:52:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:52:59.138-07:00History<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Origins and early development, 1921–1959">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_and_early_development.2C_1921.E2.80.931959">Origins and early development, 1921–1959</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the 1920s and 30s, the Egyptologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Murray">Dr Margaret Murray</a> published several books detailing her theories that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">those persecuted as witches during the Early Modern period in Europe</a> were not, as the persecutors had claimed, followers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, but adherents of a surviving pre-Christian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paganism">pagan</a> religion - the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-Cult</a>. Despite now being discredited by further historical research, her theories were widely accepted and supported at the time.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">It was during the 1930s that the first evidence appears for the practise of a pagan Witchcraft religion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WiccanRoots_87-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WiccanRoots-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> (what would be recognisable now as Wicca) in England. It seems that several groups around the country, in such places as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> had set themselves up as continuing in the tradition of Murray's Witch-Cult, albeit with influences coming from disparate sources such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Folk magic">folk magic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-druidry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Neo-druidry">Druidry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mythology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> and Asian religions.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Witchcraft religion became more prominent beginning in 1951, with the repeal of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Act#Witchcraft_Act_1735" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft Act">Witchcraft Act of 1735</a>, after which several figures, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cardell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Williamson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cecil Williamson">Cecil Williamson</a> and most notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, began propagating their own versions of the Craft. Gardner had been initiated into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a> in 1939, before forming his own tradition, later termed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerianism</a>, which he spread through the formation of groups like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a>. His tradition, aided by the help of his High Priestess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a> and the publication of his books <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i> (1954) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i> (1959), soon became the dominant form in the country, and spread to other parts of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Adaptation and spread, 1960–present">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptation_and_spread.2C_1960.E2.80.93present">Adaptation and spread, 1960–present</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Following Gardner's death in 1964, the Craft continued to grow unabated despite sensationalism and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Leek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a> and most importantly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a>, whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a>, which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, spread quickly and gained much media attention. Around this time, the term "Wicca" began to be commonly adopted over "Witchcraft" and the faith was exported to countries like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">It was in the United States and in Australia that new, home-grown traditions, sometimes based upon earlier, regional folk-magical traditions and often mixed with the basic structure of Gardnerian Wicca, began to develop, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Anderson_(poet)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Anderson (poet)">Victor Anderson</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Feri">Feri</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson's</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1734_tradition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1734 tradition">1734 tradition</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan Kelly</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Reformed_Orthodox_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn">New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn</a> and eventually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, each of which emphasised different aspects of the faith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NewPagans_90-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-NewPagans-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> It was also around this time that books teaching people how to become Witches themselves without formal initiation or training began to emerge, among them <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Huson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Huson">Paul Huson</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mastering Witchcraft">Mastering Witchcraft</a></i> (1970) and <i>Lady Sheba's Book of Shadows</i> (1971). Similar books continued to be published throughout the 1980s and 1990s, fuelled by the writing of such authors as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a>, who popularised the idea of self-initiation into the Craft.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the 1990s, amid ever-rising numbers of self-initiates, the popular media began to explore "witchcraft" in fictional films like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i> and television series like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charmed">Charmed</a></i>, introducing numbers of young people to the idea of religious witchcraft. This growing demographic was soon catered to through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> and by authors like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Ravenwolf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver Ravenwolf">Silver Ravenwolf</a>, much to the criticism of traditional Wiccan groups and individuals. In response to the way that Wicca was increasingly portrayed as trendy, eclectic, and influenced by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Age movement">New Age movement</a>, many Witches turned to the pre-Gardnerian origins of the Craft, and to the traditions of his rivals like Cardell and Cochrane, describing themselves as following "Traditional Witchcraft". Prominent groups within this Traditional Witchcraft revival included <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chumbley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Chumbley">Andrew Chumbley</a>'s Cultus Sabbati and the Cornish Ros an Bucca coven.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca_(etymology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wicca (etymology)">Wicca (etymology)</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The term "Wicca" first achieved widespread acceptance when referring to the religion in the 1960s and 70s. Prior to that, the term "Witchcraft" had been more widely used. Whilst being based upon the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <i>wicca</i>, which referred solely to male sorcerers, the actual individual who coined the capitalised term "Wicca" is unknown, though it has been speculated that it was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cardell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a>, who certainly used the term "Wiccen" during the 1950s.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicca&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wicca_numbers_by_country.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="102" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wicca_numbers_by_country.png/220px-Wicca_numbers_by_country.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wicca_numbers_by_country.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Number of Wiccans by country according to recent estimates</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The actual number of Wiccans worldwide is unknown, and it has been noted that it is more difficult to establish the numbers of members of Neopagan faiths than many other religions due to their disorganised structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherents.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Adherents.com">Adherents.com</a>, an independent website which specialises in collecting estimates of world religions, cites over thirty sources with estimates of numbers of Wiccans (principally from the USA and UK). From this, they developed a median estimate of 800,000 members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> In the United States population alone, there have been many attempts at finding a figure, with the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey estimating that at least 134,000 adults identified themselves as Wiccans, compared to 8,000 in 1990.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ARIS_93-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-ARIS-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> Wiccans have also made up significant proportions of various groups within that country; for instance, Wicca is the largest non-Christian faith practised in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, with 1,434 airmen identifying themselves as such.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="quotebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; width: 300px;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">"[The average Wiccan is] a man in his forties, or a woman in her thirties, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a>, reasonably well educated, not earning much but probably not too concerned about material things, someone that demographers would call <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_middle_class" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>."</div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Leo Ruickbie">Leo Ruickbie</a> (2004)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the United Kingdom, census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading, as a campaign by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Federation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a> before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 Census</a> encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'Pagan' in order to maximise the numbers reported. For the first time, respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method. These figures were not immediately analysed by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Statistics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Office of National Statistics">Office of National Statistics</a>, but were released after an application by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Federation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a> of Scotland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PFScotland_96-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-PFScotland-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-81548782621578329122011-07-04T13:52:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:52:05.878-07:00Eclectic Wicca<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Eclectic Wiccans are more often than not solitary practitioners. Some of these solitaries do, however, attend gatherings and other community events, but reserve their spiritual practices (Sabbats, Esbats, spell-casting, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Worship">worship</a>, magical work, etc.) for when they are alone. Eclectic Wicca is the most popular variety of Wicca in America<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> and eclectic Wiccans now significantly outnumber lineaged Wiccans; their beliefs and practices tend to be much more varied.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NWCFAQ_82-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-NWCFAQ-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> Wiccans do not following a single tradition exclusively, each creates their own<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> spiritual path by adopting, reclaiming, and reinventing the beliefs and rituals of a variety of religious traditions connected to Wicca, paganism or neo-Paganism. An eclectic can be described as free of tradition, even while eclecticism is described as a tradition of Wicca. An eclectic might also be a follower of a particular religious or philosophical path, and yet develop individual ideas and ritual practices based on diverse sources. An eclectic approach to Wicca may draw from a diverse range of ancient and modern beliefs or practices, for example:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Saxon">Saxon</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polynesian">Polynesian</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Eclectic Wicca is a positive, peaceful, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-centred_religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth-centred religion">earth-centred religion</a>, with a core ideology informed by those values and beliefs which are common to many Wiccan, pagan, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaiian Religion">Hawaiian</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> or Polynesian religious traditions. Eclecticism may also reflect theories derived from psychology and philosophy, for example,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karma">karma</a>.</span>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-6042882080731796482011-07-04T13:51:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:51:47.689-07:00Covens and solitary Wiccans<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lineaged Wicca is organised into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coven">covens</a> of initiated priests and priestesses. Covens are autonomous, and are generally headed by a High Priest and a High Priestess working in partnership, being a couple who have each been through their first, second and third degrees of initiation. Occasionally the leaders of a coven are only second-degree initiates, in which case they come under the rule of the parent coven. Initiation and training of new priesthood is most often performed within a coven environment, but this is not a necessity, and a few initiated Wiccans are unaffiliated with any coven.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-CompleteBookByRayBucks-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A commonly quoted Wiccan tradition holds that the ideal number of members for a coven is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_(number)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="13 (number)">thirteen</a>, though this is not held as a hard-and-fast rule.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-CompleteBookByRayBucks-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Indeed, many U.S. covens are far smaller, though the membership may be augmented by unaffiliated Wiccans at "open" rituals. When covens grow beyond their ideal number of members, they often split (or "hive") into multiple covens, yet remain connected as a group. A grouping of multiple covens is known as a grove in many traditions.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Initiation into a coven is traditionally preceded by a waiting period of at least a year and a day. A course of study may be set during this period. In some covens a "dedication" ceremony may be performed during this period, some time before the initiation proper, allowing the person to attend certain rituals on a probationary basis. Some solitary Wiccans also choose to study for a year and a day before their self-dedication to the religion.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-15505616693384589752011-07-04T13:51:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:51:15.071-07:00Traditions<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca_and_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wiccan_traditions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Wiccan traditions">Category:Wiccan traditions</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the 1950s through to the 1970s, when the Wiccan movement was largely confined to lineaged groups such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>, a "tradition" usually implied the transfer of a lineage by initiation. However, with the rise of more and more such groups, often being founded by those with no previous initiatory lineage, the term came to be a synonym for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religious denomination">religious denomination</a> within Wicca. There are many such traditions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BeaufortIndex_79-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-BeaufortIndex-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DiffTypesCraft_80-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-DiffTypesCraft-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> and there are also many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Solitary practitioner">solitary practitioners</a> who do not align themselves with any particular lineage, working alone. There are also covens that have formed but who do not follow any particular tradition, instead choosing their influences and practices eclectically.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Those traditions which trace a line of initiatory descent back to Gerald Gardner include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Algard">Algard</a>tradition; because of their joint history, they are often referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wicca</a>, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a>. Other traditions trace their origins to different figures, even if their beliefs and practices have been influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Gardner. These include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1734_tradition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1734 tradition">1734 tradition</a>, both of which trace their origins to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Feri">Feri</a>, which traces itself back to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Anderson_(poet)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Anderson (poet)">Victor Anderson</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydion_Pendderwen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gwydion Pendderwen">Gwydion Pendderwen</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, whose followers often trace their influences back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a>. Some of these groups prefer to refer to themselves as <i>Witches</i>, thereby distinguishing themselves from the BTW traditions, who more typically use the term <i>Wiccan</i> (see Etymology section).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">British Traditional Wiccans in particular, but also other groups, insist that to become a bona fide member of that tradition, a person has to undergo an actual physical initiation ceremony performed by a pre-existing initiate. In this manner, all BTW's can trace a direct line of descent all the way back to Gardner. Other traditions however do not hold this to be necessary, for instance anyone following a Goddess-centred form of the Craft which emphasises <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Feminism">feminism</a> could be considered to be Dianic.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-17662148425574436332011-07-04T13:50:00.002-07:002011-07-04T13:50:51.907-07:00Symbols<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Various different symbols are used by Wiccans, similar to the use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a>. The most notable of these is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a>, which has five points, each representing one of the five <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_elements" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> in Wicca (earth, air, fire, water and spirit) and also the idea that the human, with its five appendages, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosm</a> of the universe. Other symbols that are used include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triskelion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triquetra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Triquetra">triquetra</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_hares" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Three hares">Three hares</a> and the triple Moon symbol of the Triple Goddess.</span>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-12165477064290840362011-07-04T13:50:00.000-07:002011-07-04T13:50:15.705-07:00Book of Shadows<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">In Wicca there is no set sacred text such as the Christian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bible">Bible</a>, Jewish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> or Islamic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> although there are certain scriptures and texts that various different traditions hold to be important and influence their beliefs and practices. Gerald Gardner used a book containing many different texts in his covens, known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a>, which he would frequently add to and adapt. In his Book of Shadows, there are texts taken from various different sources, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Godfrey Leland">Charles Godfrey Leland</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i> (1899) and the works of 19th-20th century <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Occultism">occultist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, whom Gardner knew personally. Also in the Book are examples of poetry largely composed by Gardner and his High Priestess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, the most notable of which is the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i>.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="quotebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; width: 246px;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">"The Book of Shadows is not a Bible or Quran. It is a personal cookbook of spells that have worked for the owner. I am giving you mine to copy to get you started: as you gain experience discard those spells that don’t work for you and substitute those that you have thought of yourselves."</div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> to his followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Similar in use to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Grimoires">grimoires</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magician (paranormal)">ceremonial magicians</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Crowley1989_74-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Crowley1989-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> the Book contained instructions for how to perform rituals and spells, as well as religious poetry and chants like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i> to use in those rituals. Gardner's original intention was that every copy of the Book would be different, because a student would copy from their initiators, but changing things which they felt to be personally ineffective, however amongst many Gardnerian Witches today, particularly in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, all copies of the Book are kept identical to the version that the High Priestess <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monique_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Monique Wilson (page does not exist)">Monique Wilson</a> copied from Gardner, with nothing being altered. The Book of Shadows was originally meant to be kept a secret from non-initiates into BTW, but parts of the Book have been published by authors including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cardell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a>, Lady Sheba, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrar1996_75-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrar1996-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-_76-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note--76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Today, adherents of many non-BTW traditions have also adopted the concept of the Book of Shadows, with many solitaries also keeping their own versions, sometimes including material taken from the published Gardnerian Book of Shadows. In other traditions however, practices are never written down, meaning that there is no need for a Book of Shadows.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In certain <i>Traditional Witchcraft</i> traditions, different forms of literature are used, for instance in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1734_tradition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="1734 tradition">1734 tradition</a>, the published articles of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a> along with letters he wrote to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> and others are held in high esteem<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> whilst in the Sabbatic tradition, various grimoires are followed, such as the <i>Azoetia</i> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chumbley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Chumbley">Andrew Chumbley</a>.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-67019251594321662432011-07-04T13:49:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:49:37.884-07:00Rites of passage<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Various <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rites_of_passage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rites of passage">rites of passage</a> can be found within Wicca. Perhaps the most significant of these is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Initiation">initiation</a> ritual, through which somebody joins the Craft and becomes a Wiccan. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wiccan</a> (BTW) traditions, there is a line of initiatory descent that goes back to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, and from him is said to go back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a>; however, the existence of this coven remains unproven.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Gardner himself claimed that there was a traditional length of "a year and a day" between when a person began studying the Craft and when they were initiated, although he frequently broke this rule with initiates. In BTW, initiation only accepts someone into the first degree. To proceed to the second degree, an initiate has to go through another ceremony, in which they name and describe the uses of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magical tools in Wicca">the ritual tools and implements</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrars_initiation-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> It is also at this ceremony that they are given their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_name" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Craft name">craft name</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrars_initiation-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> By holding the rank of second degree, a BTW is considered capable of initiating others into the Craft, or founding their own semi-autonomous covens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrars_initiation_68-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrars_initiation-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> The third degree is the highest in BTW, and it involves the participation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Rite">Great Rite</a>, either actual or symbolically, as well as ritual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Flagellation">flagellation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrars_initiation2-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> By holding this rank, an initiate is considered capable of forming covens that are entirely autonomous of their parent coven.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrars_initiation2_69-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrars_initiation2-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paganavebury.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="174" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/220px-Paganavebury.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paganavebury.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A handfasting ceremony at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avebury" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a>, which occurred during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> in 2005</div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">This three-tier degree system following initiation is largely unique to BTW, and traditions heavily based upon it. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranian tradition</a>, which is not BTW, but based upon the teachings of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bowers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Roy Bowers">Robert Cochrane</a>, does not have the three degrees of initiation, merely having the stages of novice and initiate.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Some solitary Wiccans also perform self-initiation rituals, to dedicate themselves to becoming a Wiccan. The first of these to be published was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Huson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Huson">Paul Huson</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mastering Witchcraft">Mastering Witchcraft</a></i> (1970), and unusually involved recitation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> backwards as a symbol of defiance against the historical <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_Hunt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch Hunt">Witch Hunt</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Subsequent, more overtly pagan self-initiation rituals have since been published in books designed for solitary Wiccans by authors like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handfasting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a> is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. Some Wiccans observe the practice of a trial marriage for a year and a day, which some traditions hold should be contracted on the Sabbat of Lughnasadh, as this was the traditional time for trial, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltown" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Telltown">Telltown</a> marriages" among the Irish. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> The first ever known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a>, between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a> and his first wife, Gillian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Infants in Wiccan families may be involved in a ritual called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccaning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a>, which is analogous to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Infant baptism">Christening</a>. The purpose of this is to present the infant to the God and Goddess for protection. Despite this, in accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not necessarily expected or required to adhere to Wicca or other forms of paganism should they not wish to do so when they get older.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-56737484549937613942011-07-04T13:48:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:49:18.270-07:00Wheel of the Year<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Wiccans celebrate several seasonal festivals of the year, which are known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbats" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabbats">Sabbats</a>; collectively these occasions are often termed the Wheel of the Year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup> Many Wiccans, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerians</a> and most eclectics celebrate a set of eight of these Sabbats, though in other groups, particularly those that describe themselves as following "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Witchcraft">Traditional Witchcraft</a>", such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_of_Tubal_Cain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: underline;" title="Clan of Tubal Cain">Clan of Tubal Cain</a>, only four are followed, and in the rare case of the Ros an Bucca group from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, only six are adhered to.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup> The four Sabbats that are common to all these groups are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-quarter_day" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cross-quarter day">cross-quarter days</a>, and these are sometimes referred to as Greater Sabbats. They originated as festivals celebrated by the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and possibly other Celtic peoples of western Europe as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup> In the Egyptologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a>'s <i>The Witch-Cult in Western Europe</i> (1921) and <i>The God of the Witches</i> (1933), in which she dealt with what she believed to be a historical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-Cult</a>, she stated that these four festivals had survived Christianisation and had been celebrated in the pagan Witchcraft religion. Subsequently, when Wicca was first developing in the 1930s through to the 1960s, many of the early groups, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a>'s Clan of Tubal Cain and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a> adopted the commemoration of these four Sabbats as described by Murray. Gardner himself made use of the English names of these holidays, stating that "the four great Sabbats are Candlemass [<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], May Eve, Lammas, and Halloween; the equinoxes and solstices are celebrated also."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The other four festivals commemorated by many Wiccans are known as Lesser Sabbats, and comprise of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Solstice">solstices</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, and were only adopted in 1958 by members of the Bricket Wood coven,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> before subsequently being adopted by other followers of the Gardnerian tradition, and eventually other traditions like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic</a> tradition. The names of these holidays that are commonly used today are often taken from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic pagan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheistic</a> holidays. However, the festivals are not reconstructive in nature nor do they often resemble their historical counterparts, instead exhibiting a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Universalism">universalism</a>. Ritual observations may display cultural influence from the holidays from which they take their name as well as influence from other unrelated cultures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0645ad;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; white-space: nowrap;">65</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">]</span></a></sup><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em; width: 814px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Sabbat<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Northern Hemisphere<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Southern Hemisphere<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Historical Origins<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></th><th style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Associations<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="sortarrow"><img alt="↓" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/sort_none.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, aka <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">31 October</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">30 April, or 1 May</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> (<i>see also</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Death and the ancestors.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuletide" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yuletide">Yuletide</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21st or 22 December</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21 June</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Solstice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Winter Solstice">Winter Solstice</a> and the rebirth of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sun">sun</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>, aka <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1st or 2 February</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1 August</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> (<i>see also</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">First signs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ostara">Ostara</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21st or 22 March</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21st or 22 September</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Equinox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spring Equinox">Spring Equinox</a> and the beginning of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltaine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Beltaine">Beltaine</a> aka <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Eve" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="May Eve">May Eve</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="May Day">May Day</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">30 April or 1 May</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1 November</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> (<i>see also</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">The full flowering of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fairies">Fairy folk</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Litha">Litha</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21st or 22 June</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21 December</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">Possibly Neolithic</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Solstice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Summer Solstice">Summer Solstice</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> aka <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lammas">Lammas</a></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1st or 2 August</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">1 February</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> (<i>see also</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Celts">Celts</a>)</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">The harvest of grain.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a> aka <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Modron">Modron</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21st or 22 September</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">21 March</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;">No historical pagan equivalent.</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Equinox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Autumn Equinox">Autumn Equinox</a>. The harvest of fruit.<br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-17496361135620553372011-07-04T13:48:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:48:08.303-07:00Ritual practices<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">There are many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rituals">rituals</a> within Wicca that are used when celebrating the Sabbats, worshipping the deities and working magic. Often these take place on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_moon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, or in some cases a new moon, which is known as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Esbat">Esbat</a>. In typical rites, the coven or solitary assembles inside a ritually cast and purified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_circle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic circle">magic circle</a>. Casting the circle may involve the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Invocation">invocation</a> of the "Guardians" of the cardinal points, alongside their respective classical elements; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Air (classical element)">Air</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fire (classical element)">Fire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Water (classical element)">Water</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth</a>. Once the circle is cast, a seasonal ritual may be performed, prayers to the God and Goddess are said, and spells are sometimes worked. These rites often include a special set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magical tools in Wicca">magical tools</a>. These usually include a knife called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athame" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Athame">athame</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wand">wand</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentacle">pentacle</a> and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalice (cup)">chalice</a>, but other tools include a broomstick known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besom_broom#In_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Besom broom">besom</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauldron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cauldron">cauldron</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Candle">candles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Incense">incense</a> and a curved blade known as a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boline" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Boline">boline</a>. An altar is usually present in the circle, on which ritual tools are placed and representations of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="God">God</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Goddess">Goddess</a> may be displayed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Before entering the circle, some traditions fast for the day, and/or ritually bathe. After a ritual has finished, the God, Goddess and Guardians are thanked and the circle is closed.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">A sensationalised aspect of Wicca, particularly in Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca, is the traditional practice of working in the nude, also known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">skyclad</a></i>. This practice seemingly derives from a line in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches#Influence_on_Wicca_and_Stregheria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia</a></i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Leland">Charles Leland</a>'s supposed record of Italian witchcraft.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Other traditions wear robes with cords tied around the waist or even normal street clothes. In certain traditions, ritualised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sex magic">sex magic</a> is performed in the form of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Rite">Great Rite</a>, whereby a High Priest and High Priestess invoke the God and Goddess to possess them before performing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> to raise magical energy for use in spellwork. In some cases it is instead performed "in token", thereby merely symbolically, using the athame to symbolise the penis and the chalice to symbolise the vagina.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-71751285477962522032011-07-04T13:46:00.002-07:002011-07-04T13:46:21.551-07:00Practices<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Neopagan researcher and High Priestess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Adler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a>, who defined ritual as being "one method of reintegrating individuals and groups into the cosmos, and to tie in the activities of daily life with their ever present, often forgotten, significance" noted that rituals, celebrations and rites of passage in Wicca are not "dry, formalised, repetitive experiences", but are performed with the purpose of inducing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a> in the participants, thereby altering their consciousness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AdleronRitual_52-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-AdleronRitual-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> She noted that many Wiccans remain skeptical about the existence of the gods, afterlife etc but remain involved in the Craft because of its ritual experiences, with one, Glenna Turner, saying that "I love myth, dream, visionary art. The Craft is a place where all of these things fit together - beauty, pageantry, music, dance, song, dream."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AdleronRitual2_53-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-AdleronRitual2-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The High Priest and Craft historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan Kelly</a> claimed that the practices and experiences within Wicca were actually far more important than the beliefs, stating that "it's a religion of ritual rather than theology. The ritual is first; the myth is second. And taking an attitude that the myths of the Craft are 'true history' in the way a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> looks at the legends of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> really seems crazy. It's an alien head-space."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AdleronRitual3_54-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-AdleronRitual3-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> It is for this reason that Adler stated that "ironically, considering the many pronouncements against Witchcraft as a threat to reason, the Craft is one of the few religious viewpoints totally compatible with modern science, allowing total scepticism about even its own methods, myths and rituals".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AdleronRitual4_55-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-AdleronRitual4-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-73878569113940659242011-07-04T13:46:00.000-07:002011-07-04T13:46:01.089-07:00Five elements<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In certain traditions, there is a belief in the five <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_elements" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a>, although unlike in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, they are seen as symbolic as opposed to literal; that is, they are representations of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Phase (matter)">phases of matter</a>. These five elements are invoked during many magical rituals, notably when consecrating a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_circle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic circle">magic circle</a>. The five elements are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Air (classical element)">Air</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fire (classical element)">Fire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Water (classical element)">Water</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth</a>, plus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aether (classical element)">Aether</a> (or Spirit), which unites the other four.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zell2006-42_48-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Zell2006-42-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Various analogies have been devised to explain the concept of the five elements; for instance, the Wiccan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Marie_Gallagher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ann-Marie Gallagher">Ann-Marie Gallagher</a> used that of a tree, which is composed of Earth (with the soil and plant matter), Water (sap and moisture), Fire (through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>) and Air (the creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>), all of which are believed to be united through Spirit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="quotebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; width: 246px;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">"Darksome Night and Shining Moon,<br />
East and South and West and North,<br />
Hearken to the Witches' Rune;<br />
Hear me now, I call thee forth."</div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Traditionally in the Gardnerian Craft, each element has been associated with a cardinal point of the compass; Air with east, Fire with south, Water with west, Earth with north and the Spirit with centre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> However, some Wiccans, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a>, have claimed that the set cardinal points are only those applicable to the geography of southern England, where Wicca evolved, and that Wiccans should determine which directions best suit each element in their region, for instance, those living on the east coast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a> should invoke Water in the east and not the west because the colossal body of water, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_ocean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atlantic ocean">Atlantic ocean</a>, is to their east.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lamond2004_49-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Lamond2004-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Other Craft groups have associated the elements with different cardinal points, for instance <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a>'s Clan of Tubal Cain associated Earth with south, Fire with east, Water with west and Air with north,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> and each of which were controlled over by a different deity who were seen as children of the primary Horned God and Goddess. The five elements are symbolised by the five points of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a>, the most prominently used symbol of Wicca.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ABCwitchcraft_51-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-ABCwitchcraft-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0645ad;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; white-space: nowrap;">52</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wlSkwizXrWc/ThImhBROdhI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/1Y15TkRDutU/s1600/170px-Five_elements_and_pentagram.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wlSkwizXrWc/ThImhBROdhI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/1Y15TkRDutU/s1600/170px-Five_elements_and_pentagram.svg.png" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-67003254732625630572011-07-04T13:45:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:45:04.334-07:00Morality<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">There exists no dogmatic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Moral">moral</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics">ethical code</a> followed universally by Wiccans of all traditions, however a majority follow a code known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a>, which states "an it harm none, do what ye will". This is usually interpreted as a declaration of the freedom to act, along with the necessity of taking responsibility for what follows from one's actions and minimising harm to oneself and others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ExegesisRede_41-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-ExegesisRede-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Another common element of Wiccan morality is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of Three (Wiccan)">Law of Threefold Return</a> which holds that whatever benevolent or malevolent actions a person performs will return to that person with triple force, or with equal force on each of the three levels of body, mind and spirit,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lembke3fold_42-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Lembke3fold-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> similar to the eastern idea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karma">karma</a>. Both the Rede and the Threefold Law were introduced into the Craft by Gerald Gardner, and subsequently adopted by the Gardnerian and other traditions.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Many Wiccans also seek to cultivate a set of eight virtues mentioned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EightSabbats_43-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-EightSabbats-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> these being mirth, reverence, honour, humility, strength, beauty, power and compassion. In Valiente's poem, they are ordered in pairs of complementary opposites, reflecting a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dualism">dualism</a> that is common throughout Wiccan philosophy. Some lineaged Wiccans also observe a set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccan_Laws" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiccan Laws">Wiccan Laws</a>, commonly called the <i>Craft Laws</i> or <i>Ardanes</i>, 30 of which exist in the Gardnerian tradition and 161 of which are in the Alexandrian tradition. Valiente, one of Gardner's original High Priestesses, argued that the first thirty of these rules were most likely invented by Gerald Gardner himself in mock-archaic language as the by-product of inner conflict within his Bricket Wood coven - <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RebirthofWitchcraft_44-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-RebirthofWitchcraft-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TriumphoftheMoon_45-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-TriumphoftheMoon-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> the others were later additions made by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a> during the 1960s.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although Gerald Gardner initially demonstrated an aversion to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Homosexuality and Wicca">homosexuality</a>, claiming that it brought down "the curse of the goddess",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WitchcraftToday2_46-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WitchcraftToday2-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> it is now generally accepted in all traditions of Wicca, with certain groups like the Minoan Brotherhood openly crafting their philosophy around it,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> and various important figures in the Craft, such as Alex Sanders and Eddie Buczynski, being openly homosexual or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-67495118814445835622011-07-04T13:43:00.005-07:002011-07-04T13:43:39.913-07:00Magic<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Many Wiccans believe in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, a force they see as being capable of manipulation through the practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>. Some spell it "magick", a variation coined by the influential occultist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, though this spelling is more commonly associated with Crowley's religion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> than with Wicca. Indeed, many Wiccans agree with the definition of magic offered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magicians</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Valiente_on_Magic-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> such as Aleister Crowley, who declared that magic was "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will", whilst another prominent ceremonial magician, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGregor_Mathers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="MacGregor Mathers">MacGregor Mathers</a> stated that it was "the science of the control of the secret forces of nature".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Valiente_on_Magic-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Many Wiccans believe magic to be a law of nature, as yet misunderstood or disregarded by contemporary science,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valiente_on_Magic_35-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Valiente_on_Magic-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> and as such they do not view it as being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, but being a part of the "super powers that reside in the natural" according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Martello" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Leo Martello">Leo Martello</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Adler158-159-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Some Wiccans believe that magic is simply making full use of the five senses that achieve surprising results,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adler158-159_36-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Adler158-159-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> whilst other Wiccans do not claim to know how magic works, merely believing that it does because they have observed it to be so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton_32-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="quotebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; width: 246px;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">"The point [of magic in Witchcraft] is to make the "bendable" world bend to your will... Unless you possess a rock-firm faith in your own powers and in the operability of your spell, you will not achieve the burning intensity of will and imagination which is requisite to make the magic work."</div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Huson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Huson">Paul Huson</a> (1970)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Wiccans cast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellcasting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spellcasting">spells</a> or <i>workings</i> during ritual practices, often held inside a sacred circle, in an attempt to bring about real changes in the physical world (these rituals are further explained in the "Ritual practices" section below). Common Wiccan spells include those used for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_healing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiritual healing">healing</a>, for protection, fertility, or to banish negative influences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wiccan_spells_38-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Wiccan_spells-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Many early Wiccans, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Leek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a>, referred to their own magic as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">white magic</a>", which contrasted with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Black magic">black magic</a>", which they associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Evil">evil</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>. Sanders also used the similar terminology of "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hand_path" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Left hand path">left hand path</a>" to describe malevolent magic, and "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hand_path" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Right hand path">right hand path</a>" to describe magic performed with good intentions;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton_32-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup>terminology that had originated with the occultist <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a> in the 19th century. Some modern Wiccans however have stopped using the white-black magic and left-right hand path dichotomies, arguing for instance that the colour <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Black">black</a> should not necessarily have any associations with evil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Black_39-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Black-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The scholars of religion, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Stark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="William Sims Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a>, claimed, in 1985, that Wicca had "reacted to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> by a headlong plunge back into magic" and that it was a reactionary religion which would soon die out. This view was heavily criticised in 1999 by the historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a>, who claimed that the evidence displayed the very opposite, that "a large number [of Wiccans] were in jobs at the cutting edge [of scientific culture], such as computer technology."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton_32-4" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-90755661791179690052011-07-04T13:43:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:43:23.935-07:00Afterlife<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Belief in the afterlife varies among Wiccans,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> is a traditional Wiccan teaching dating back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a>in the 1930s. The influential High Priest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a> said that a human's soul reincarnates into the same species over many lives in order to learn lessons and advance spiritually,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CompleteBookByRayBucks_30-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-CompleteBookByRayBucks-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> but this belief is not universal, as many Wiccans believe in the reincarnation of the soul through different species. However, a popular saying amongst Wiccans is that "once a witch, always a witch", indicating a belief that Wiccans are the reincarnations of previous witches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valiente_reincarnation_31-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Valiente_reincarnation-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Typically, Wiccans who believe in reincarnation believe that the soul rests between lives in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summerland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Summerland">Summerland</a>, known in Gardner's writings as the "ecstasy of the Goddess".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton_32-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Many Wiccans believe in the ability to contact the spirits of the dead who reside in the Otherworld through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mediumship">spirit mediums</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija_boards" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ouija boards">ouija boards</a>, particularly on the Sabbat of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, though some disagree with this practice, such as the High Priest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a>, who stated that "they are dead; leave them in peace."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrar_on_Sanders_33-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrar_on_Sanders-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> This belief was likely influenced by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a>, which was very popular at the time of Wicca's emergence, and with which Gardner and other early Wiccans such as Buckland and Sanders had some experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Despite some belief therein, Wicca does not place an emphasis on the afterlife, focusing instead on the current one; as the historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> remarked, "the instinctual position of most [Wiccans], therefore, seems to be that if one makes the most of the present life, in all respects, then the next life is more or less certainly going to benefit from the process, and so one may as well concentrate on the present".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hutton_32-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Hutton-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-22110244981878673692011-07-04T13:43:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:43:06.180-07:00Pantheism, Polytheism and Animism<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Many Wiccans believe that the God and Goddess are merely two aspects of the same <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deity">godhead</a>, often viewed as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> deity, thereby encompassing everything in the universe within its divinity. In his public writings, Gardner referred to this being as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_argument" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cosmological argument">Prime Mover</a>, and claimed that it remained unknowable,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft2_23-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft2-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> although in the rituals of his tradition, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerianism</a>, it is referred to as <i>Dryghten</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WitchBlood_24-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WitchBlood-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> which had originally been an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Old English">Old English</a> term meaning "lord". Since then it has been given other names by different Wiccans, for instance <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a> called it "The One".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">As well as pantheism and duotheism, many Wiccans accept the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, thereby believing that there are many different deities. Some accept the view espoused by the occultist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Fortune" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a> that "all gods are one god, and all goddesses are one goddess" —that is that the gods and goddesses of all cultures are, respectively, aspects of one supernal God and Goddess. With this mindset, a Wiccan may regard the Germanic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eostre">Eostre</a>, Hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kali">Kali</a>, and Christian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> each as manifestations of one supreme Goddess and likewise, the Celtic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernunnos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a>, the ancient Greek <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and the Judeo-Christian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>as aspects of a single, archetypal god. A more strictly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> approach holds the various goddesses and gods to be separate and distinct entities in their own right. The Wiccan writers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a> have postulated that Wicca is becoming more polytheistic as it matures, tending to embrace a more traditionally pagan worldview.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ProgressiveWitchcraft_26-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-ProgressiveWitchcraft-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Some Wiccans conceive of deities not as literal personalities but as metaphorical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughtform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thoughtform">thoughtforms</a>, thereby technically allowing them to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon2_27-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-DrawingDownMoon2-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Such a view was purported by the High Priestess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a>, herself a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychology">psychologist</a>, who considered the Wiccan deities to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jungian archetypes">Jungian archetypes</a> that existed within the subconscious that could be evoked in ritual. It was for this reason that she said that "The Goddess and God manifest to us in dream and vision."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Crowleyarchetype_28-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Crowleyarchetype-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Wicca is essentially an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Immanence">immanent</a> religion, and for some Wiccans, this idea also involves elements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animism">animism</a>. A belief central to Wicca is that the Goddess and the God (or the goddesses and gods) are able to manifest in personal form, most importantly through the bodies of Priestesses and Priests via the rituals of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a> or Drawing down the Sun.</div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-38241828993829755052011-07-04T13:42:00.003-07:002011-07-04T13:42:49.394-07:00The God and the Goddess<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">For most Wiccans, the God and Goddess are seen as complementary polarities in the universe that balance one another out, and in this manner they have been compared to the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_and_yang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> As such they are often interpreted as being "embodiments of a life-force manifest in nature"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NatureRelToday_8-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-NatureRelToday-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> with some Wiccans believing that they are simply symbolic of these polarities, whilst others believing that the God and the Goddess are genuine beings that exist independently. The two divinities are often given symbolic associations, with the Goddess commonly being symbolised as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a> (i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mother Nature">Mother Earth</a>), but also sometimes as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Moon">Moon</a>, which complements the God being viewed as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div class="quotebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; width: 246px;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">"The Gods are real, not as persons, but as vehicles of power. Briefly, it may be explained that the personification of a particular type of cosmic power in the form of a God or Goddess, carried out by believers and worshippers over many centuries, builds that God-form or Magical Image into a potent reality on the Inner Planes, and makes it a means by which that type of cosmic power may be contacted."</div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> (1959)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Traditionally the God is viewed as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_God" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>, associated with nature, wilderness, sexuality, hunting and the life cycle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The Horned God is given various names according to the tradition, and these include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernunnos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a>, Atho and Karnayna. Whilst this figure is not equated with the traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> figure of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a>, who is seen as being an entity devoted to evil in Christianity, a small minority of Wiccans, in keeping with the accusations of the historical <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">witch trials</a>, refer to their Horned God with some of Satan's names, such as "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Devil">the Devil</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> or as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>", a Latin term meaning "light bearer".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> At other times the God is viewed as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Man" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Green Man">Green Man</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> a traditional figure in European art and architecture, and they often interpret him as being associated with the natural world. The God is also often depicted as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Solar deity">Sun God</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> particularly at the festival of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Litha">Litha</a>, or the summer solstice. Another expression of the God is that of the Oak King and the Holly King, one who rules over winter and spring, the other who rules over summer and autumn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338_14-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Farrar_1989_35.E2.80.9338-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Goddess is usually portrayed as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a>, thereby being a triadic deity comprising a Maiden goddess, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a>, and a Crone goddess, each of whom has different associations, namely virginity, fertility and wisdom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> She is also commonly depicted as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_deity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lunar deity">Moon Goddess</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> and is often given the name of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> after the ancient Roman deity. Some Wiccans, particularly from the 1970s onwards, have viewed the Goddess as the more important of the two deities, who is pre-eminent in that she contains and conceives all. In this respect, the God is viewed as the spark of life and inspiration within her, simultaneously her lover and her child.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in the traditional structure of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coven">coven</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WitchesBible_19-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WitchesBible-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> form of the Craft, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, the Goddess is the sole deity, a concept that has been criticised by members of other more egalitarian traditions.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">According to Gerald Gardner, "the Goddess" is a deity of prime importance, along with her consort the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_God" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>. In the earliest Wiccan publications, she is described as a tribal goddess of the witch community, neither omnipotent nor universal, and it was recognised that there was a greater "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Unmoved mover">Prime Mover</a>", although the witches did not concern themselves much with this being.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The concept of having a religion venerating a Horned God accompanying a goddess had been devised by the Egyptologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a>during the 1920s. She believed, based upon her own theories about the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">Early Modern witch trials in Europe</a>, that those two deities, though primarily the Horned God, had been worshipped by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-Cult</a> ever since western Europe had succumbed to Christianity. Whilst now widely discredited, Gerald Gardner was a supporter of her theory, and believed that Wicca was a continuation of that historical Witch-Cult, and that the Horned God and Goddess were therefore ancient deities of the British Isles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MeaningWitchcraft1_21-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-MeaningWitchcraft1-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship has disproved his claims, however various different horned gods and mother goddesses were indeed worshipped in the British Isles during the ancient and early mediaeval periods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-18021073743041240072011-07-04T13:42:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:42:26.867-07:00Theology<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although Wiccan views on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Theology">theology</a> are numerous and varied, the vast majority of Wiccans venerate both a god and a goddess. These two deities are variously understood through the frameworks of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> (as being dual aspects of a single <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deity">godhead</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dualistic cosmology">duotheism</a> (as being two polar opposites), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Hard polytheism">hard polytheism</a> (being two distinct deities in a larger pantheon which includes other pagan gods) or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Soft polytheism">soft polytheism</a> (being composed of many lesser deities). In some pantheistic and duotheistic conceptions, deities from diverse cultures may be seen as aspects of the Goddess or God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> However, there are also other theological viewpoints to be found within the Craft, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, the concept that there is just one deity, which is seen by some, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wiccans</a>, as being the Goddess, whilst by others, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a>, as instead being genderless. There are other Wiccans who are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atheism">atheists</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, not believing in any actual deity, but instead viewing the gods as psychological archtypes of the human mind which can be evoked and interacted with.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">According to the Witches <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Janet Farrar">Janet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a>, who held a pantheistic, duotheistic and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animism">animistic</a> view of theology, Wiccans "regard the whole cosmos as alive, both as a whole and in all of its parts", but that "such an organic view of the cosmos cannot be fully expressed, and lived, without the concept of the God and Goddess. There is no manifestation without polarization; so at the highest creative level, that of Divinity, the polarization must be the clearest and most powerful of all, reflecting and spreading itself through all the microcosmic levels as well".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-60416161554013483932011-07-04T13:41:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:41:31.272-07:00Beliefs<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Wiccan beliefs vary markedly between different traditions and individual practitioners. However, various commonalities exist between these disparate groups, which usually include views on theology, the afterlife, magic and morality.</span>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3550085070916868701.post-50460741048630546652011-07-04T13:40:00.001-07:002011-07-04T13:40:57.335-07:00Wicca<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Wicca</b> (<small>pronounced </small><span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode';" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/ˈwɪkə/</a></span>) is a specific <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Neopaganism">Neopagan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religion</a>. Its adherents are referred to as Wiccans, though the terms <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></b> or <b>Crafters</b> are also used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Developing in England in the first half of the 20th century,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Wicca was popularised in the 1950s and early 1960s by a Wiccan High Priest named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, who at the time called it the "witch cult" and "witchcraft," and its adherents "the Wica."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WitchcraftToday_2-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-WitchcraftToday-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> From the 1960s onward, the name of the religion was normalised to "Wicca."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Wicca is typically a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duotheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Duotheism">duotheistic</a> religion, worshipping a goddess and a god, who are traditionally viewed as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_God" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>. These two deities are often viewed as being facets of a greater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Deity">godhead</a>, and as manifesting themselves as various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> deities. Nonetheless, there are also other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Theology">theological</a> positions within Wicca, ranging from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Atheism">atheism</a>. It also involves the ritual practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, largely influenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a> of previous centuries, often in conjunction with a broad code of morality known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a>, although this is not adhered to by all Witches. Another characteristic of this religion is the celebration of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_the_year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wheel of the year">seasonally-based festivals</a>, known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabbat">Sabbats</a>, of which there are usually eight in number annually.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">There are various different denominations within Wicca, which are referred to as <i>traditions</i>. Some, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a>, follow in the initiatory lineage of Gardner; these are often collectively termed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wicca</a>, and many of their practitioners consider the term <i>Wicca</i> to apply only to these lineaged traditions. Others, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Feri">Feri</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic tradition</a>, take primary influence from other figures and may not insist on any initiatory lineage. Some of these do not use the word "Wicca" at all, instead preferring to be referred to only as "Witchcraft," while others believe that all traditions can be considered "Wiccan."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DrawingDownMoon_4-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-DrawingDownMoon-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gallagher2005_5-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#cite_note-Gallagher2005-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></div>Little Coven's Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05853778086233132495noreply@blogger.com0